Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Fire-Hazard-Severity Zones in State and Local Responsibility Areas: (a) California; (b) San Diego County
Tables
- Table 1
Responsibility Area and Fire-Hazard-Severity Zone Categories Where Disclosure Laws Apply under California AB 1195
Responsibility Area Fire-Hazard-Severity Zone None Moderate High Very High Local No No No Yes State No Yes Yes Yes Federal No No No No Note: “Yes” indicates disclosure laws apply. “No” indicates disclosure laws do not apply.
Attribute Full Sample Regulated Not Regulated Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Wildfire hazard Ln(1 + WHP) 1.69 2.74 4.13 3.37 1.18 2.28 Previous fire 0.02 0.14 0.09 0.29 0.01 0.08 Property characteristics Price 625,444 846,988 746,907 1,006,942 599,987 807,154 Bedrooms 3.362 0.895 3.28 0.99 3.38 0.87 Bathrooms 2.327 0.85 2.5 1.03 2.29 Ln(lot size) −1.543 0.96 −0.82 1.4 −1.69 0.76 Year built 1980.67 24.91 1984.9 22.27 1979.79 25.34 Sq. ft. 1,973.19 7,739.74 2,245.02 1,213.98 1,916.21 8,492.98 Neighborhood characteristics % meeting standard language arts 52.15 13.75 54.4 13.98 51.67 13.66 % meeting standard math 39.22 15.44 41.34 16.3 38.77 15.21 Share white residents 0.66 0.19 0.8 0.13 0.64 0.18 Distance to protected areas (m) 17,126.2 14,398.22 11,679.37 9,222.43 18,267.76 15,013.67 Incorporated 0.77 0.42 0.37 0.48 0.86 0.35 Observations 1,556,426 271,413 1,295,013 Note: The table presents the mean and standard deviations of various house characteristics for the full sample by regulatory status. The period in this sample is 2015–2020. WHP = wildlife-hazard potential.
Log(Price) Full Add Add County-by-Year Fixed Effect Tract Fixed Effect Log(1 + WHP) −0.00242 −0.00242 0.00232** (0.00187) (0.00184) (0.000960) Observations 1,566,426 1,566,422 1,566,361 R-squared 0.695 0.697 0.780 Note: The table presents a regression of the log of housing price on house and neighborhood controls and the log of WHP, a measure of wildfire risk. Each column represents a separate regression. The baseline regression in the first column includes house and neighborhood controls and fixed effects for the year and month of sale. Subsequent columns progressively add spatial fixed effects (denoted in the column header). House and neighborhood controls include number of bedrooms, number of bathrooms, log of lot size, age, indicators for the decade of construction, square feet, share white at the census tract in 2010 decennial census, measures of school quality (test scores for English/language arts and math), an indicator for location within the perimeter of any fire in the past five years, logged distance to a protected area, and an indicator for whether the area is incorporated. Standard errors are two-way clustered at the county and year level and are in parentheses.
* p < 0.1;
↵** p < 0.05;
*** p < 0.01.
Log(Price) Full Limit to High-Fire-Hazard Severity Zones Limit to Build before 2008 Add Fixed Effect County-by-Year Add Fixed Effect Tract Add Fixed Effect Grid Regulated 0.00970 −0.0565* −0.0606* −0.0617* −0.0328** −0.0507** (0.0259) (0.0260) (0.0290) (0.0287) (0.0133) (0.0147) Observations 1,566,426 164,019 141,606 141,597 141,512 141,546 R-squared 0.695 0.701 0.724 0.726 0.798 0.780 Note: The table presents a regression of the log of housing price on house and neighborhood controls and an indicator for location in a regulated area. The first column begins with the sample of house sales in high-fire-hazard severity zones. Subsequent columns either make additional restrictions on the sample or progressively add spatial fixed effects (noted in the column header). All specifications include house and neighborhood controls (see Table 3 note) and fixed effects for the year and month of sale. Standard errors are two-way clustered at the county and year level and are in parentheses.
Log(Price) Boundary Distance 10 km 8 km 4 km 2 km 1 km 0.75 km 0.5 km 0.4 km 0.3 km 0.2 km Regulated −0.0253* −0.0267* −0.0248 −0.0343* −0.0402* −0.402** −0.0417** −0.0455** −0.0426** −0.0511** (0.0121) (0.0121) (0.131) (0.0151) (0.0154) (0.0153) (0.0144) (0.0160) (0.0170) (0.0187) Observations 139,195 138,052 125,789 98,035 72,967 64,165 54,033 49,269 43,483 35,039 R-squared 0.799 0.800 0.807 0.815 0.821 0.821 0.822 0.823 0.825 0.827 Note: The table presents a regression of the log of housing price on an indicator for location in a regulated area. All specifications include house and neighborhood controls (see Table 3 note), county-by-year fixed effects, month of sale fixed effects, and grid fixed effects. We narrow the bandwidth around the wildfire regulatory boundary from 10 km on either side of the boundary to 200 m. Standard errors are two-way clustered at the county and year level and are in parentheses.
Fire-Hazard-Severity Zones, Built before 2008 4 km 1 km 500 m 200 m Log(1 + WHP) 1.28*** 1.19*** 1.14*** 0.84*** 0.48*** (0.14) (0.14) (0.09) (0.12) (0.16) Bedrooms 0.03 0.02 0.03 −0.03 −0.12 (0.06) (0.06) (0.06) (0.08) (0.11) Bathrooms 0.25*** 0.24*** 0.19*** 0.10 0.05 (0.06) (0.07) (0.07) (0.08) (0.09) Ln(lot size) 0.88*** 0.79*** 0.63*** 0.51*** 0.39*** (0.15) (0.15) (0.12) (0.10) (0.09) Age −3.42 −3.37 −3.55* −2.46 −0.31 (2.21) (2.31) (1.93) (2.12) (1.74) Year built 3.42 3.37 3.55* 2.46 0.31 (2.21) (2.31) (1.93) (2.12) (1.74) Log(sq. ft.) 0.13*** 0.12*** 0.10** 0.05 0.00 (0.03) (0.04) (0.04) (0.05) (0.06) Share white residents 0.03*** 0.02*** 0.01 0.01 0.01 (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) (0.01) % meeting standard language arts 2.68*** 2.39*** 1.15** 1.00** 0.91*** (0.96) (0.84) (0.55) (0.44) (0.36) % meeting standard math 2.60*** 2.25*** 0.79** 0.63* 0.56 (1.03) (0.89) (0.35) (0.32) (0.35) Previous fire 0.01 0.01 −0.00 −0.01 −0.01 (0.01) (0.01) (0.02) (0.02) (0.02) Ln(distance to protected areas) 0.04 0.04 0.09* 0.07*** 0.06* (0.06) (0.06) (0.05) (0.03) (0.04) Observations 71,406 65,864 45,996 37,204 25,317 Note: The table presents results from regressions of a house attribute on an indicator for location within a regulated area. Coefficients for Regulated are presented, and all other coefficients are omitted; each cell presents the coefficient and standard error for a separate regression. The variables WHP, sq. ft., lot size, and distance to protected areas are logged. All regressions include boundary, grid, county-by-year, and month of sale fixed effects, and a control for location in an incorporated area. Standard errors are two-way clustered at the county and year level and are in parentheses. WHP = wildlife hazard potential.
