Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Map of National Park Service and Mobile Sites
Note: The national park site abbreviations are defined in Appendix Table A1.
- Figure 2
Consumer Surplus (CS) Per-Trip Estimates from Each Model Used in the Analysis
Note: Mobile = models trained on National Park Service (NPS) data to predict flight probability and number of people splitting expenses; NPS zonal = aggregates trip counts to the zip code and census aggregates for controls; NPS individual = individual information when reported but imputes missing data.
- Figure 3
Plot of Per-Trip Consumer Surplus (CS) Estimates from National Park Service (NPS) and Mobile Device Data
Note: The dotted line is the 45° reference line. Tuskegee Airmen NHS (TUAI) and Gauley River National Recreation Area (GARI) are omitted for clarity. NPS site abbreviations are defined in Appendix Table A1.
- Figure 4
Advan Mobility Data Per-Trip Consumer Surplus Estimates by Year for a Subset of National Park Service Sites, 2018–2022
Note: The vertical axes scales differ across sites. The point of interest boundaries used to estimate visitation changed for many parks in December 2022.
Tables
Dataset Visits Income and Demographics Travel Mode and Expense Splitting NPS individual NPS individual NPS data NPS data NPS zonal NPS aggregate ACS Imputed Mobile Mobile (aggregate) ACS Imputed Note: For “NPS data,” we impute income and demographics as well as travel mode and expense splitting when NPS respondents did not report. ACS = American Community Survey; NPS = National Park Service.
- Table 2
Trip and Travel Cost Average by National Park Service (NPS) Site in the NPS Zonal and Mobile Data
Trips (Per Person per Year) Travel Cost ($) NPS Zonal Mobile % Diff NPS Zonal Mobile % Diff BADL 1.4 9 146 791.4 501 45 CAHA 11.4 31 92 415.0 268.9 43 CARE 1.4 6.1 125 957.9 863.2 10 CATO 11.6 25 74 152.2 213.9 34 CUVA 70.5 207.6 99 279.7 30.2 161 DINO 1.7 8.8 134 754.2 451.4 50 EVER 2.7 102.6 190 908.9 162.5 139 GARI 4.9 22.2 128 439.8 90 132 GRSA 3.9 6.5 50 980.2 584.2 51 GRSM 1.6 289.5 198 704.5 99.1 151 GRTE 1.4 14.5 164 747.4 918.9 21 GUMO 14.7 16.6 12 324.2 476 38 JEFF 1.4 7.2 135 489.0 128.6 117 LAMR 80.3 54.6 38 199.5 294 38 MORU 1.2 15 171 731.2 548.7 29 ROMO 5.2 19.9 117 761.9 466.6 48 TUAI 1.3 29.8 183 401.4 265.4 41 Note: The percentage difference column compares the absolute difference in means as a percentage of the average of the means. NPS site abbreviations are defined in Appendix Table A1.
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