Property Rights and Productivity: The Case of Joint Land Titling in Vietnam

Carol Newman; Finn Tarp; Katleen van den Broeck

doi:10.3368/le.91.1.91

Article Figures & Data

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Table 1

LUC Situation of Plots

	All Plots		Rice Plots^a		2006	2008	2010
	Observation	%	Observation	%	%	%	%
Total plots	32,436		16,244
No LUC	9,262	28.6	3,690	24.7	9.8	21.8	33.3
With LUC	23,174	71.4	12,554	77.3	90.2	78.2	66.7
No HH names	1,508	6.6	707	5.7	4.5	8.0	4.0
One HH name	19,501	84.9	10,869	87.1	87.8	85.6	88.4
Two HH names	1,965	8.6	900	7.2	7.8	6.4	7.6
Husband and wife	1,816	8.5	825	7.0	7.3	6.5	7.3
Changes in LUC^b	2,163	6.1	950	6.3	—	5.9	11.3

Note: HH, household head; LUC, land use certificate.
a These are plots where rice was grown in the most recent agricultural season.
b Changes in LUC status (i.e., from having a LUC to not having one, or the other way around) either between 2006 and 2008 or between 2008 and 2010.

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Table 2

Characteristics of Plots, by LUC

	Of Plots with LUC
	No LUC	LUC	No HH Names	One HH Name	Two HH Names	2006	2008	2010
Distance to house (m)	1,936	917	1,105	885	1,139	949	1,217	1,213
Plot size (m²)	1,890	1,107	1,061	1,094	1,295	1,069	1,363	1,364
Share border (%)	9.3	12.8	12.6	12.1	21.6	14.3	11.1	11.1
Not state acquired (%)	64.6	21.8	44.8	18.7	39.0	22.1	37.1	38.8
Acquired < 1993 (%)	36.6	65.6	55.3	66.3	66.8	62.4	55.9	53.7
Acquired 1993-2003 (%)	36.0	30.3	31.3	30.6	25.3	31.7	31.0	31.8
Acquired ≥ 2003 (%)	27.4	4.0	13.4	3.0	7.9	5.8	13.1	14.5
Irrigated (%)	59.0	88.4	83.6	88.5	92.2	86.7	80.0	81.3
Restricted crop choice (%)	26.5	59.8	58.9	60.4	53.0	71.3	53.5	38.1
Slope, flat (%)	49.5	78.6	76.3	80.5	59.6	74.7	73.8	69.8
Slope, slight (%)	26.0	16.9	17.7	15.4	34.3	16.8	18.5	20.2
Slope, moderate (%)	23.7	4.1	5.8	3.8	5.5	7.9	7.3	9.6
Slope, steep (%)	0.8	0.3	0.1	0.3	0.6	0.6	0.3	0.3
Number of plots	3,690	12,554	707	10,869	900	4,496	6,363	6,125

Note: Characteristics of plots where rice was grown in the most recent agricultural season. HH, household head; LUC, land use certificate.

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Table 3

Average and Median Rice Yield, by LUC Situation of Plot

	Pooled		2006		2008		2010
	Avg. (kg/m²)	Median (kg/m²)	Avg. (kg/m²)	Median (kg/m²)	Avg. (kg/m²)	Median (kg/m²)	Avg. (kg/m²)	Median (kg/m²)
All plots	0.49	0.47	0.55	0.48	0.50	0.50	0.44	0.44
No LUC	0.42	0.40	0.52	0.43	0.45	0.40	0.37	0.40
With LUC	0.51	0.49	0.55	0.48	0.51	0.50	0.47	0.47
LUC on which:
Zero HH names	0.53	0.45	0.72	0.42	0.48	0.50	0.43	0.43
One HH names	0.51	0.49	0.55	0.48	0.51	0.50	0.48	0.47
Two HH names	0.50	0.43	0.54	0.42	0.48	0.42	0.46	0.45
Husband and wife	0.49	0.43	0.54	0.41	0.48	0.42	0.46	0.45

Note: Characteristics of plots where rice is grown in the most recent agricultural season. HH, household head; LUC, land use certificate.

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Table 4

Variable Descriptions

	Description
Dependent Variable
Log rice yields	Log of rice output in the last full season/size of the plot in meters squared
Plot Characteristics
Distance to dwelling	Distance from residence to plot in meters/100
Area	Area of the plot in square meters
Borders another plot	Dummy indicator for whether the plot borders another plot owned by the HH
Flat slope	Dummy indicator for plot with a flat slope (base category for slopes)
Slight slope	Dummy indicator for plot with a slight slope
Moderate slope	Dummy indicator for plot with a moderate slope
Steep slope	Dummy indicator for plot with a steep slope
Irrigated	Dummy indicator for whether the plot is irrigated
Restrictions	Dummy indicator for whether there are restrictions on the type of crop grown
Acquired by nonstate means	Dummy indicator for plots that are acquired through the market, inherited, or cleared and occupied
Land Titling Variables
LUC	Dummy indicator for plot with a LUC (base category: no LUC)
Two household names	Dummy indicator for plot with two HH members named in the LUC
One household name	Dummy indicator for plot with one HH member named in the LUC
No household names	Dummy indicator for plot with no HH members named in the LUC
Two names	Dummy indicator for plot with two names in the LUC
Husband’s and wife’s names	Dummy indicatory for plot with both husband’s and wife’s name in the LUC
Household Characteristics
Sex head	Dummy indicator for gender of the HH (=1 if male)
Age head	Age of the head of household
Ed1	Dummy indicator for HH cannot read and write
Ed2	Dummy indicator for HH can read and write but did not complete secondary school
Ed3	Dummy indicator for HH completed primary school
Ed4	Dummy indicator for HH completed lower secondary school
Ed5	Dummy indicator for HH completed upper secondary school
Ed6	Dummy indicator for HH has third level qualification
HHsize	Number of productive household members

Note: HH, household head; LUC, land use certificate.

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TABLE 5

Household-Level Models

Plot Characteristics (Dependent Variable: Log rice yields)	(1) OLS	(2) OLS FE
LUC	0.066^*** (0.016)	0.056^*** (0.019)
Distance to dwelling	−0.000^*** (0.000)	−0.000^* (0.000)
Area	−0.000^*** (0.000)	−0.000^*** (0.000)
Borders another plot	−0.053^** (0.022)	−0.027 (0.023)
Slight slope	−0.136^*** (0.015)	−0.034^** (0.016)
Moderate slope	−0.231^*** (0.031)	−0.040 (0.035)
Steep slope	−0.077 (0.116)	−0.030 (0.087)
Irrigated	0.189^*** (0.019)	0.113^*** (0.021)
Restricted to growing rice	0.001 (0.012)	−0.051^*** (0.014)
Acquired by nonstate means	0.012 (0.020)	−0.027 (0.029)
Household characteristics	Yes	Yes
Household fixed effects	No	Yes
Year 2008	0.029^** (0.013)	0.024^* (0.012)
Year 2010	−0.029^** (0.013)	−0.043^*** (0.013)
Observations	15,972	15,972
Number of households	2,249	2,249

Note: Standard errors clustered at the household level are presented in parentheses. Time-varying household characteristics are also included in the model, but none are found to be statistically significant in the fixed- effects model and so are not presented. Results are available on request. LUC, land use certificate; OLS, ordinary least squares; OLS FE, ordinary least squares fixed effects.
↵* p < 0.10
↵** p < 0.05
↵*** p < 0.01.

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TABLE 6

Plot-Fixed-Effects Regression Models

LUC Status (Dependent Variable: Log rice yields)	(1) Full Sample	(2) Full Sample	(3) Conditional on LUC	(4) Conditional on LUC
LUC	0.048^** (0.022)
Two household names		0.070^** (0.030)
One household name		0.045^** (0.023)
No household names		0.045 (0.033)
Two names			0.018 (0.026)
Husband’s and wife’s names				0.007 (0.026)
Plot characteristics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Household characteristics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year 2008	0.017	0.018	0.011	0.011
	(0.012)	(0.012)	(0.013)	(0.014)
Year 2010	−0.036^*** (0.013)	−0.035^*** (0.013)	−0.018 (0.014)	−0.014 (0.016)
Constant	−1.039^*** (0.115)	−1.045^*** (0.116)	−1.027^*** (0.142)	−0.963^*** (0.194)
Observations	15,975	15,900	12,257	11,556
R-squared	0.020	0.020	0.012	0.012
Number of plots	7,246	7,238	5,788	5,610

Note: Standard errors clustered at the household level are presented in parentheses. Results for time-varying plot and household controls are available on request. LUC, land use certificate.
↵** p < 0.05
↵*** p < 0.01.

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TABLE 7

Plot-Fixed-Effects Regression Models for Plots Acquired since 2003

LUC Status (Dependent Variable: Log rice yields)	(1) Full Sample	(2) Full Sample	(3) Conditional on LUC	(4) Conditional on LUC
LUC	0.003 (0.054)
Two household names		0.067 (0.101)
One household name		0.002 (0.060)
No household names		−0.016 (0.070)
Two names			0.124 (0.099)
Husband’s and wife’s names				0.165 (0.126)
Plot characteristics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Household characteristics	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year 2008	0.022 (0.044)	0.037 (0.051)	−0.053 (0.077)	−0.018 (0.088)
Year 2010	−0.161^*** (0.043)	−0.148^*** (0.047)	−0.309^*** (0.103)	−0.307^*** (0.104)
Constant	−0.928^*** (0.181)	−0.937^*** (0.187)	−2.010^** (0.959)	−2.111^** (1.090)
Observations	1,516	1,506	495	401
R-squared	0.164	0.164	0.194	0.272
Number of plots	830	828	292	254

Note: Standard errors clustered at the household level are presented in parentheses. Results for time-varying plot and household controls are available on request. LUC, land use certificate.
↵** p < 0.05
↵*** p < 0.01.