Gendered Perceptions of Land Ownership and Agricultural Decision-making in Ecuador: Who Are the Farm Managers?

References

1. ↵
   1. Agarwal Bina

   . 1994. A Field of One’s Own. Gender and Land Rights in South Asia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
2. ↵
   1. Allendorf Keera.

   2007. “Do Women’s Land Rights Promote Empowerment and Child Health in Nepal?” World Development 35 (11): 1975–88.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
3. ↵
   1. Barnum Howard N.,
   2. Squire Lyn

   . 1979. “A Model of an Agricultural Household: Theory and Evidence.” Occasional Paper No. 27. Washington, DC: World Bank.
4. ↵
   1. Becker Stan,
   2. Fonseca-Becker Fannie,
   3. Schenck-Yglesias Catherine

   . 2006. “Husbands’ and Wives’ Reports of Women’s Decision-making Power in Western Guatemala and Their Effects on Preventive Health Behaviors.” Social Science and Medicine 62 (9): 2313–26.

   OpenUrl
5. ↵
   1. Bomuhangi Allan,
   2. Doss Cheryl,
   3. Meinzen-Dick Ruth

   . 2011. “Who Owns the Land? Perspectives from Rural Uganda and Implications for Land Acquisitions.” IFPRI Discussion Paper 01136, November. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
6. ↵
   1. Boserup Ester

   . 1970. Woman’s Role in Economic Development. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
7. ↵
   1. Browning Martin,
   2. Bourguignon François,
   3. Chiappori Pierre-André,
   4. Lechene Valérie

   . 1994. “Income and Outcomes: A Structural Model of Intrahousehold Allocation” Journal of Political Economy 102 (6): 1067–96.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
8. ↵
   1. Browning Martin,
   2. Chiappori Pierre-André

   . 1998. “Efficient Intrahousehold Allocation: A General Characterization and Empirical Test.” Econometrica 66 (6): 1241–78.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
9. ↵
   1. Carter Michael R.,
   2. Katz Elizabeth G.

   1997. “Separate Spheres and the Conjugal Contract: Understanding the Impact of Gender-Biased Development.” In Intrahousehold Resource Allocation in Developing Countries: Methods, Models, and Policies, ed. Haddad Lawrence, Hoddinott John, Alderman Harold, 95–111. Baltimore, MD: John Hopkins University Press.
10. ↵
    1. Chiappori Pierre-André,
    2. Ekeland I.

    2006. “The Micro Economics of Group Behavior: General Characterization.” Journal of Economic Theory 130 (1): 1–26.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
11. ↵
    1. Chirwa Ephraim W.

    2005. “Adoption of Fertilizer and Hybrid Seeds by Smallholder Maize Farmers in Southern Malawi.” Development Southern Africa 22 (1): 1–12.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
12. ↵
    1. Deere Carmen Diana

    . 1990. Household and Class Relations: Peasants and Landlords in Northern Peru. Berkeley: University of California Press.
13. ↵
    1. Deere Carmen. Diana,
    2. Alvarado Gina E.,
    3. Twyman Jennifer

    . 2012. “Gender Inequality in Asset Ownership in Latin America: Female Owners versus Household Heads.” Development and Change 43 (2): 505–30.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
14. ↵
    1. Deere Carmen Diana,
    2. Contreras Jacqueline

    . 2011. Acumulación de activos: Una apuesta por la equidad. Quito: FLACSO-Ecuador.
15. ↵
    1. Deere Carmen Diana,
    2. León Magdalena

    . 2001. Empowering Women: Land and Property Rights in Latin America. Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburg Press.
16. ↵
    1. Deere Carmen Diana,
    2. León Magdalena

    . 2003. “The Gender Asset Gap: Land in Latin America.” World Development 31 (6): 925–47.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
17. ↵
    1. Deere Carmen Diana,
    2. León de Leal Magdalena

    . 1982. Women in Andean Agriculture: Peasant Production and Rural Wage Employment in Colombia and Peru. Geneva: International Labour Office.
18. ↵
    1. Deere Carmen Diana,
    2. Twyman Jennifer

    . 2012. “Asset Ownership and Egalitarian Decision-making in Dual-headed Households in Ecuador.” Review of Radical Political Economy 44 (3): 313–20.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
19. ↵
    1. de Janvry Alain,
    2. Fafchamps Marcel,
    3. Sadoulet Elisabeth

    . 1991. “Peasant Household Behaviour with Missing Markets: Some Paradoxes Explained.” Economic Journal 101 (409): 1400–17.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
20. ↵
    1. Dixon Ruth B.

    1982. “Women in Agriculture: Counting the Labor Force in Developing Countries.” Population and Development Review 8 (3): 539–66.

    OpenUrl
21. ↵
    1. Doss Cheryl R.

    2001. “Designing Agricultural Technology for African Women Farmers: Lessons from 25 Years of Experience.” World Development 29 (12): 2075–92.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
22. ↵
    1. Doss Cheryl R.

    2002. “Men’s Crops? Women’s Crops? The Gender Patterns of Cropping in Ghana.” World Development 30 (11): 1987–2000.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
23. ↵
    1. Doss Cheryl R

    . 2014. “Data Needs for Gender Analysis in Agriculture.” In Gender in Agriculture and Food Security: Closing the Knowledge Gap, ed. Quisumbing Agnes, Meinzen-Dick Ruth, Raney Terri, Croppenstedt Andre, Behrman Julia A., Peterman Amber, Ch. 3. New York: Springer.
24. ↵
    1. Doss Cheryl R.,
    2. Carmen Diana Deere,
    3. Oduro Abena D.,
    4. Swaminathan Hema,
    5. Suchitra J. Y.,
    6. Lahoti Rahul,
    7. Baah-Boateng W,
    8. Boakye-Yiadom L,
    9. Contraras Jackeline,
    10. Twyman Jennifer,
    11. et al

    . 2011. The Gender Asset and Gender Wealth Gaps: Evidence from Ecuador, Ghana and Karnataka, India. Bangalore: Indian Institute of Management Bangalore.
25. ↵
    1. Doss Cheryl R.,
    2. Grown Caren,
    3. Deere Carmen Diana

    . 2008. “Gender and Asset Ownership: A Guide to Collecting Individual-Level Data.” World Bank Policy Research Working Paper No. WPS4704. Washington, DC: World Bank. Available at http://econ.worldbank.org/docsearch.
26. ↵
    1. Doss Cheryl R.,
    2. Morris Michael L.

    2001. “How Does Gender Affect the Adoption of Agricultural Innovations? The Case of Improved Maize Technology in Ghana.” Agricultural Economics 25 (1): 27–39.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
27. ↵
    1. Ellis Frank

    . 1988. “Peasant Economics: Farm Households and Agrarian Development.” Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
28. ↵
    1. Encuesta de Activos FLACSO-Florida (EAFF)

    . 2010. Gender Asset Gap Project. Quito: FLACSO-Ecuador.
29. ↵
    1. Fletschner Diana.

    2009. “Rural Women’s Access to Credit: Market Imperfections and Intrahousehold Dynamics.” World Development 37 (3): 618–31.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
30. ↵
    1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO).

    . 2005. “World Programme for Census of Agriculture 2010.” FAO Statistical Development Series #11. Rome: FAO.
31. ↵
    1. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)

    . 2011. The State of Food and Agriculture 2010–2011. Women in Agriculture: Closing the Gender Gap for Development. Rome: FAO.
32. ↵
    1. Ghuman Sharon J.,
    2. Lee Helen J.,
    3. Smith Herbert L.

    2006. “Measurement of Women’s Autonomy according to Women and their Husbands: Results from Five Asian Countries.” Social Science Research 35 (1): 1–26.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
33. ↵
    1. Hamilton Sarah

    . 1998. The Two-Headed Household. Gender and Rural Development in the Ecuadorean Andes. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
34. ↵
    1. Hamilton Sarah

    . 2000. “The Myth of the Masculine Market: Gender and Agricultural Commercialization in the Ecuadorean Andes.” In Women Farmers and Commercial Ventures: Increasing Food Security in Developing Countries, ed. Spring Anita, 65–88. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.
35. ↵
    1. Hansen Lars Peter.

    1982. “Large Sample Properties of Generalized Method of Moments Estimators.” Econometrica 50 (4): 1029–54.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
36. ↵
    1. Jacobs Krista,
    2. Namy Sophie,
    3. Kes Aslihan,
    4. Bob Umilla,
    5. Moodley Vadivelu

    . 2011. Gender Differences in Asset Rights in Kwa Zulu-Natal, South Africa. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women.
37. ↵
    1. Jejeebhoy Shireen J.

    2002. “Convergence and Divergence in Spouses’ Perspectives on Women’s Autonomy in Rural India.” Studies in Family Planning 33 (4): 299–308.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
38. ↵
    1. Katz E.,
    2. Chamorro J. S.

    2003. “Gender, Land Rights and the Household Economy in Rural Nicaragua and Honduras.” Paper presented at the annual meetings of LACEA, Latin American and Caribbean Economics Association, Universidad de las Américas, Puebla, México, October 9–11.
39. ↵
    1. Kes Aslihan,
    2. Jacobs Krista,
    3. Namy Sophie

    . 2011. Gender Differences in Asset Rights in Central Uganda. Washington, DC: International Center for Research on Women.
40. ↵
    1. Kilic Talip,
    2. Palacios-Lopez Amparo,
    3. Goldstein Markus

    . 2013. “Caught in a Productivity Trap. A Distributional Perspective on Gender Differences in Malawian Agriculture.” Policy Research Working Paper 6381. Washington, DC: World Bank.
41. ↵
    1. Kishor Sunita,
    2. Subaiya Lekha

    . 2008. Understanding Women’s Empowerment: A Comparative Analysis of Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) Data. DHS Comparative Report 20. Calverton, MD: Macro International and USAID.
42. ↵
    1. Kleysen Brenda,
    2. Campillo Fabiola

    . 1996. “Productoras de Alimentos en 18 Paises de América Latina y el Caribe: Síntesis Hemisférica.” In Productoras Agropecuarias en América del Sur, ed. Kleysen Brenda, 37–114. San José, Costa Rica: BID and IICA.
43. ↵
    1. Lundberg Shelly,
    2. Pollack Robert A.

    1994. “Noncooperative Bargaining Models of Marriage.” American Economic Review 84 (2): 132–37.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
44. ↵
    1. Lundberg Shelly,
    2. Pollak Robert A.,
    3. Wales Terence J.

    1997. “Do Husbands and Wives Pool Their Resources? Evidence from the United Kingdom Child Benefit.” Journal of Human Resources 32 (3): 463–80.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
45. ↵
    1. Manser Marilyn,
    2. Brown Murray

    . 1980. “Marriage and Household Decision-making: A Bargaining Analysis.” International Economic Review 21 (1): 31–44.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
46. ↵
    1. Martínez Valle Luciano

    . 2009. “La pluriactividad entre los pequeños productores rurales.” In La pluriactividad en el campo latinoamericano, ed. de Grammont Hubert C., Valle Luciano Martínez, 81–102. Quito: FLACSO.
47. ↵
    1. McElroy Marjorie B.,
    2. Horney Mary Jean

    . 1981. “Nash-Bargained Household Decisions: Towards a Generalization of the Theory of Demand.” International Economic Review 22 (2): 333–49.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
48. ↵
    1. McFadden Daniel

    . 1979. “Quantitative Methods for Analyzing Travel Behaviour of Individuals: Some Recent Developments.” In Behavioural Travel Modelling, ed. Hensher David A., Stopher Peter R., 279–318. London/Sydney: Croom Helm.
49. ↵
    1. Panda Pradeep,
    2. Agarwal Bina

    . 2005. “Marital Violence, Human Development and Women’s Property Status in India.” World Development 33 (5): 823–50.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
50. ↵
    1. Peterman Amber,
    2. Quisumbing Agnes,
    3. Behrman Julia A.

    2014. “A Review of Empirical Evidence on Gender Differences in Non-land Agricultural Inputs, Technology, and Services in Developing Countries.” In Gender in Agriculture and Food Security: Closing the Knowledge Gap, ed. Quisumbing Agnes, Meinzen-Dick Ruth, Raney Terri, Croppenstedt Andre, Behrman Julia A., Peterman Amber, Ch. 7. New York: Springer.
51. ↵
    1. Peterman Amber,
    2. Quisumbing Agnes,
    3. Behrman Julia,
    4. Nkonya Ephraim

    . 2011. “Understanding the Complexities Surrounding Gender Differences in Agricultural Productivity in Uganda and Nigeria.” Journal of Development Studies 47 (10): 1482–1509.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
52. ↵
    1. Phillips Lynne

    . 1987. “Women, Development, and the State in Rural Ecuador.” In Rural Women and State Policy: Feminist Perspectives on Latin American Agricultural Development, ed. Deere Carmen Diana, León Magdelena, 105–23. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
53. ↵
    1. Pontón J.,
    2. Pontón D.

    2008. Situación de las Mujeres Rurales: Ecuador. Rome: FAO.
54. ↵
    1. Quisumbing Agnes.

    1996. “Male-Female Differences in Agricultural Productivity: Methodological Issues and Empirical Evidence.” World Development 24 (10): 1579–95.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
55. ↵
    1. Sen Amartya

    . 1990. “Gender and Cooperative Conflict.” In Persistent Inequalities, ed. Tinker Irene, 123–49. New York: Oxford University Press.
56. ↵
    1. Tiruneh Addis,
    2. Tesfaye Teklu,
    3. Mwangi Wilfred,
    4. Verkuijl Hugo

    . 2001. “Gender Differentials in Agricultural Production and Decision-making among Smallholders in Ada, Lume, and Gimbichu Woredas of the Central Highlands of Ethiopia.” Working paper. Mexico, DF: International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT) and Ethiopian Research Organization (EARO).
57. ↵
    1. Udry Christopher.

    1996. “Gender, Agricultural Production, and the Theory of the Household.” Journal of Political Economy 104 (5): 1010–46.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
58. ↵
    1. Vyas Seema,
    2. Watts Charlotte

    . 2009. “How Does Economic Empowerment Affect Women’s Risk of Intimate Partner Violence in Low and Middle Income Countries? A Systematic Review of Published Evidence.” Journal of International Development 21 (5): 577–602.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
59. ↵
    1. World Bank, FAO, and IFAD

    . 2009. Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook. Washington, DC: World Bank.