Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Study Area and Floodplain Characteristics: (a) Study Area, (b) 100- and 500-Year Floodplains, (c) AE and AH Zones, and (d) FEMA Map Error and Holgate Lake
Tables
Variable Average Standard Deviation Minimum Maximum ACS Data Age (years) 52.08 15.86 22 97 35.19 Household size 2.57 1.39 1 11 2.76 Female 0.5172 0.5004 0 1 0.4949 Bachelor’s degree or higher 0.5449 0.4986 0 1 0.1308 White 0.8196 0.3850 0 1 0.6373 Asian 0.0557 0.2297 0 1 0.1714 Black or African American 0.0106 0.1025 0 1 0.0569 American Indian or Alaska Native 0.0133 0.1145 0 1 0.0133 From multiple races 0.0239 0.1528 0 1 0.0548 From other race 0.0106 0.1026 0 1 0.0561 Prefer not to answer 0.0663 0.2491 0 1 — Hispanic or Latino 0.0476 0.2132 0 1 0.1639 Income ($) 72,139 42,686 15,000 250,000 47,647 Employed full time 0.5397 0.4991 0 1 0.2964 Year house built 1958 28.69 1903 2017 — Lot square footage 8,382 6,527 468 64,051 — Building square footage 1,370.18 552.41 528 3,548 — Total assessed value ($) 280,012 72,418 159,190 807,250 — Euclidean distance to Johnson Creek (ft.) 4,078 2,421 304 10,948 — Annual Willingness to Pay Number of Respondents Percentage $0 38 13.62 $100 43 15.41 $150 24 8.60 $250 38 13.62 $350 39 13.98 $550 46 16.49 $850 14 5.02 $1,250 27 9.68 $2,000 7 2.51 $3,000 1 0.36 More than $3,000 2 0.72 Note: N = 279
Variable Description and Units Expected Sign Average Standard Deviation Count When Variable = 1 Objective Risk Measures In 100-year floodplain = 1 building footprint in 100-year floodplain
= 0 otherwise+ 0.2509 0.4343 70 AE zone = 1 building footprint in AE flood zone
= 0 otherwise+ 0.0287 0.1672 8 AH zone = 1 building footprint in AH flood zone
= 0 otherwise+ 0.2222 0.4165 62 In 500-year floodplain = 1 if building footprint in 500-year floodplain
= 0 otherwise? 0.0717 0.2584 20 Outside floodplain (excluded) = 1 if building footprint is outside a floodplain
= 0 otherwiseN/A 0.6774 0.4683 189 Volume of expected flooding Volume of expected flooding in primary structure (1,000 ft.3) + 0.2371 0.9751 N/A Subjective Flood Risk and Flood Experience Experienced flood damage = 1 if any flood damage reported
= 0 otherwise? 0.0932 0.2912 38 Zero expected future flooding (excluded) = 1 if expected frequency of basement flooding is 0
= 0 otherwiseN/A 0.7168 0.4513 200 1-2 times expected future flooding = 1 if expected frequency of basement flooding is 1-2 times
= 0 otherwise+ 0.2258 0.4189 63 3 or more times expected future flooding = 1 if expected frequency of basement flooding is 3 or more times
= 0 otherwise+ 0.0573 0.2329 16 Home’s risk much lower than neighborhood = 1 if home’s risk is much lower than neighborhood
= 0 otherwise? 0.3692 0.4834 102 Home’s risk somewhat lower than neighborhood = 1 if home’s risk is somewhat lower than neighborhood
= 0 otherwise? 0.2366 0.4257 65 Home’s risk average for neighborhood = 1 if home’s risk is average for neighborhood
= 0 otherwise? 0.1935 0.3958 54 Home’s risk somewhat higher than neighborhood = 1 if home’s risk is somewhat higher than neighborhood
= 0 otherwise+ 0.0466 0.2111 13 Home’s risk much higher than neighborhood = 1 if home’s risk is much higher than neighborhood
= 0 otherwise+ 0.0108 0.1033 3 Don’t know home’s risk compared to neighborhood (excluded) = 1 if respondent selected “don’t know” for home’s risk
= 0 otherwiseN/A 0.1434 0.3511 40 Home Characteristics Mortgage = 1 if property has a mortgage
= 0 otherwise? 0.7849 0.4116 219 Property has a basement and/or crawlspace = 1 if property has a basement and/or crawlspace
= 0 otherwise? 0.9534 0.2111 266 Property’s total value Total assessed property value $10,000 (2017) + 28.2143 6.8772 N/A In FEMA map error area = 1 if property in FEMA map error area
= 0 otherwise- 0.1470 0.3547 41 Distance to Johnson Creek Euclidean distance to Johnson Creek (ft.) - 4,121 2,458 N/A Demographics Income Midpoint of income categories ($) + 73,952 43,551 N/A Education = 1 if bachelor’s degree or higher
= 0 otherwise+ 0.5806 0.4943 162 White (excluded) = 1 if White
= 0 otherwiseN/A 0.8495 0.3582 237 Asian = 1 if Asian
= 0 otherwise? 0.0538 0.2260 15 Prefer not to answer = 1 if “prefer not to answer”
= 0 otherwise? 0.0430 0.2032 12 Other = 1 if Black or African American, American Indian or Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian or other Pacific Islander, some other race, or from multiple races
= 0 otherwise? 0.0538 0.2260 15 Age Years ? 50.76 15.25 N/A Male (excluded) = 1 if male
= 0 otherwiseN/A 0.4516 0.4985 126 Female = 1 if female
= 0 otherwise? 0.5232 0.5004 146 Nonbinary or prefer not to answer = 1 if nonbinary or PNTA
= 0 otherwise? 0.0251 0.1567 7 Tenancy less than 1 year (excluded) = 1 if less than 1 year
= 0 otherwiseN/A 0.0932 0.2912 26 Tenancy of 1-3 years = 1 if tenancy of 1-3 years
= 0 otherwise? 0.2151 0.4116 60 Tenancy of 4-7 years = 1 if tenancy of 4-7 years
= 0 otherwise? 0.1792 0.3842 50 Tenancy of 8-15 years = 1 if tenancy of 8-15 years
= 0 otherwise? 0.2079 0.4065 58 Tenancy of more than 15 years = 1 if tenancy of more than 15 years
= 0 otherwise? 0.3047 0.4611 85 Note: N = 279
Model 1 Floodplain Model 2 AE and AH Zones Model 3 Volume In 100-year floodplain 0.6897***
(0.1975)AE zone 1.0792***
(0.3212)AH zone 0.5963***
(0.2173)In 500-year floodplain −0.2655
(0.2581)−0.2623
(0.2579)Volume of expected flooding 0.1463**
(0.0386)Experienced flood damage −0.1696
(0.2272)−0.1546
(0.2284)−0.1351
(0.2289)1-2 times expected future flooding 0.4426***
(0.1377)0.4590***
(0.1376)0.4503**
(0.1412)3 or more times expected future flooding 0.4300**
(0.1804)0.4355**
(0.1809)0.4082**
(0.1825)Home’s risk much lower than neighborhood 0.2195
(0.1915)0.2306
(0.1910)0.2773
(0.1906)Home’s risk somewhat lower than neighborhood 0.2953
(0.1894)0.2947
(0.1879)0.3065
(0.1930)Home’s risk average for neighborhood 0.3336
(0.2034)0.3398*
(0.2034)0.3664*
(0.1974)Home’s risk somewhat higher than neighborhood 0.3961*
(0.2195)0.4052*
(0.2211)0.4488*
(0.2326)Home’s risk much higher than neighborhood 1.2012***
(0.4632)0.9923**
(0.4205)1.6243**
(0.5588)Mortgage 0.1745
(0.1704)0.1779
(0.1701)0.1756
(0.1685)Property has a basement and/or crawlspace −0.0957
(0.2155)−0.0891
(0.2157)−0.0592
(0.2255)Property’s total value −0.0067
(0.0099)−0.0070
(0.0099)−0.0090
(0.0107)In FEMA map error area −0.4284*
(0.2326)−0.3138
(0.2602)0.1312
(0.1869)Log Euclidean distance to Johnson Creek −0.0455
(0.0743)−0.0160
(0.0825)−0.1208*
(0.0710)Natural log of income 0.3087**
(0.1203)0.3107**
(0.1206)0.3519**
(0.1240)Education 0.0648
(0.1405)0.0559
(0.1406)0.0225
(0.1399)Asian −0.4576**
(0.2157)−0.4664**
(0.2167)−0.4969**
(0.2137)Race is “prefer not to answer” −0.5869**
(0.2528)−0.5937**
(0.2534)−0.6078**
(0.2607)Race is “other” 0.0793
(0.3042)0.0837
(0.3068)0.0502
(0.3159)Respondent’s age 0.0025
(0.0055)0.0031
(0.0055)0.0026
(0.0055)Female −0.0769
(0.1229)−0.0779
(0.1225)−0.0272
(0.1225)Gender is nonbinary or prefer not to answer 0.3435
(0.4846)0.3764
(0.4853)0.2816
(0.5087)Tenancy of 1-3 years 0.0844
(0.2213)0.0810
(0.2228)0.0082
(0.2255)Tenancy of 4-7 years −0.1873
(0.2150)−0.1965
(0.2162)−0.2408
(0.2206)Tenancy of 8-15 years −0.0665(0.2341) −0.0654(0.2348) −0.1473(0.2372) Tenancy of more than 15 years −0.4664*
(0.2490)−0.4857*
(0.2492)−0.5136**
(0.2515)Constant 2.8613*
(1.5133)2.6140*
(1.5511)2.9759**
(1.5106)Observations 279 279 279 Log likelihood −572.21 −571.66 −575.64 AIC 1,202.42 1,203.32 1,207.28 BIC 1,307.73 1,312.26 1,308.96 Model 1 Floodplain Model 2 AE and AH Zones Model 3 Volume All Respondents (N = 279) Mean $391.44 $393.35 $385.28 Median $324.21 $320.35 $327.31 Standard deviation $297.19 $313.97 $278.42 Respondents in 100-Year Floodplain (N = 70) Mean $613.48 $620.06 $538.95 Median $501.91 $513.90 $414.11 Standard deviation $461.81 $499.95 $437.90 Respondents Outside 100-Year Floodplain (N = 209) Mean $317.07 $317.42 $333.82 Median $280.61 $277.20 $296.13 Standard deviation $158.57 $160.45 $171.42
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