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Tenant Landlord Difference: Tenant-Landlord Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Education of household head in years of schooling 7.75 4.36 4.65 3.68 3.10*** Prerental landholding in ha 0.83 1.07 1.88 1.56 −1.05*** Number of household members 5.47 2.38 5.00 2.18 0.47* =1 if household head is female 0.11*** 0.31 0.26 0.44 −0.15*** Age of household head in years 40.50*** 12.18 47.55 16.17 −7.05*** Savings in USD 80*** 265 10 32 70*** Value of assets in USD 737** 3,149 117 274 620** Number of plots cultivated by the household 3.60*** 2.04 2.14 1.20 1.46*** Average walking distance to plots (minutes) 31.35 24.59 23.22 21.31 8.13*** =1 if member of household is member of village savings and loan association 0.51 0.50 0.44 0.50 0.07 Walking distance to nearest extension officer (minutes) 32.05 145.66 45.51 122.15 −13.46 Note: The number of household-level observations is 169 tenants and 169 landlords.
↵***, **, * Significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.
(1) (2) (3) Tenant’s Rented-In Plot Tenant’s Owner-Cultivated Plots Landlord’s Owner-Cultivated Plots Difference Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. (1)-(2) (1)-(3) (2)-(3) Input Use Number of times the plot was weeded 1.54 (0.79) 1.49 (0.83) 1.56 (0.83) 1=applied herbicide 0.21 (0.41) 0.24 (0.43) 0.09 (0.28) *** *** kg of inorganic fertilizer applied /ha 221 (227) 225 (227) 152 (203) *** *** 1=hybrid maize was main crop 0.34 (0.47) 0.43 (0.50) 0.34 (0.47) ** ** Investment 1=intercropped maize and legume 0.21 (0.41) 0.21 (0.41) 0.26 (0.44) 1=applied animal manure 0.14 (0.34) 0.26 (0.44) 0.21 (0.41) *** ** 1=applied green compost 0.07 (0.25) 0.11 (0.31) 0.15 (0.35) *** 1=used minimum tillage 0.05 (0.22) 0.13 (0.34) 0.13 (0.33) *** *** Note: N = 347 in column (1), N = 266 in column (2), N = 335 in column (3). The Bonferroni multiple comparison test was used to test means among groups.
(1) (2) Landlord’s Owner-Cultivated Plots Landlord’s Rented-Out Plots Mean Std. Dev. Mean Std. Dev. =1 if landlord views the soil as good or very good 0.45 0.50 0.47 0.50 =1 if landlord perceives someone likely or very likely to challenge tenure status of plot 0.10 0.30 0.14 0.35 =1 if topsoil is acidic (<5.2 pH) in top soil 0.19 0.39 0.16 0.37 Soil organic matter (%) in top soil 2.42 1.35 2.22 1.19 Phosphorus (ppm) in top soil 37.19 23.35 38.27 22.76 =1 if fruit trees on plot 0.42*** 0.50 0.25*** 0.44 ↵Note: N = 137 in column (1), N = 108 in column (2).
*** The investment on plot is statistically different from each other at the 1% level.
Variable (1) (2) (3) (4) No. Times Plot Was Weeded 1=Applied Herbicide Inorganic Fertilizer Applied (kg/ha) 1=Hybrid Maize as Main Crop = 1 if plot rented in and cultivated by tenant 
−0.04
(0.131)0.07
(0.047)61.01**
(29.107)−0.03
(0.059)=1 if plot owned and cultivated by tenant −0.03
(0.116)0.08*
(0.047)78.07***
(27.846)0.08
(0.061)Education of household head in years of schooling −0.00
(0.010)−0.01**
(0.005)3.04
(2.624)0.01*
(0.006)Area owned by household pre-land-renting, in ha 0.01
(0.032)0.02
(0.016)−1.81
(11.136)0.01
(0.021)Number of members in household −0.01
(0.022)0.01
(0.009)−14.91***
(5.402)−0.01
(0.013)=1 if HH is female 0.15
(0.154)−0.06
(0.045)16.89
(28.820)−0.05
(0.077)Age of household head in years −0.00
(0.004)−0.01***
(0.002)0.33
(0.760)0.00
(0.002)Savings in USD*1,000 0.00
(0.000)−0.00
(0.000)0.01
(0.030)−0.00
(0.000)Value of assets in USD*100 −0.00
(0.000)−0.00
(0.000)0.00
(0.002)−0.00*
(0.000)Number of plots cultivated by household −0.02
(0.025)0.03**
(0.014)2.31
(6.455)0.01
(0.014)Plot distance from house (walking minutes) 0.003*
(0.001)−0.00
(0.001)0.02
(0.517)−0.00
(0.001)=1 if member of household is in a village savings and loan association 0.00
(0.106)−0.06
(0.044)9.95
(22.386)0.07
(0.060)Distance to the nearest ag. extension officer from residence (walking minutes) −0.00
(0.000)0.00
(0.000)0.05
(0.099)0.0002**
(0.000)−0.01
(0.074)−0.02
(0.026)−17.05
(0.371)−0.11**
(0.040)Rental-pair fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes R-squared 0.017 0.103 0.047 0.021 Observations 948 948 948 948 Note: The base category for comparing
estimates is a landlord’s owner-operated plot(s). Standard errors are in parentheses. Models include a constant and district-level FEs. Districts are not completely collinear with the rental-pair location because we found four cases of tenants and landlord pairs residing in different districts. The number of observations = 948, with 169 matched tenant-landlord pairs; and are compared with the landlord’s owner-cultivated plot.↵***, **, * Significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.
Variable (1) (2) (3) (4) 1=Intercropped Maize and Legume 1=Applied Animal Manure 1=Applied Green Compost 1=Used Minimum Tillage = 1 if plot rented in and cultivated by tenant 0.04
(0.048)−0.05
(0.049)−0.07**
(0.034)−0.02
(0.051)= 1 if plot owned and cultivated by tenant 0.08
(0.047)0.06
(0.054)−0.02
(0.038)0.03
(0.051)Education of household head in years of schooling −0.00
(0.005)−0.01
(0.006)0.00
(0.004)−0.00
(0.006)Area owned by household pre land-renting, in hectares −0.02
(0.020)0.01
(0.021)−0.02
(0.012)0.03
(0.024)Number of members in household 0.02**
(0.009)−0.02***
(0.009)−0.01
(0.007)0.01
(0.010)=1 if household head is female 0.06
(0.063)−0.10*
(0.059)−0.00
(0.034)0.01
(0.046)Age of household head in years 0.00
(0.001)0.00
(0.002)0.00*
(0.001)0.00
(0.001)Savings in USD*1,000 0.00*
(0.000)0.0002*
(0.000)0.00
(0.000)0.00
(0.000)Value of assets in USD*1,000 −0.00
(0.000)−0.00
(0.000)−0.008***
(0.000)−0.01***
(0.000)Number of plots cultivated by household −0.05***
(0.013)−0.01
(0.018)0.00
(0.009)−0.01
(0.013)Plot distance from house
(walking minutes)0.00
(0.001)−0.00
(0.001)−0.00
(0.001)−0.00
(0.001)=1 if member of household is in a village savings and loan association 0.07*
(0.042)0.01
(0.057)0.03
(0.042)0.03
(0.036)Distance to the nearest ag. extension officer from residence
(walking minutes)0.0002*
(0.000)0.00
(0.000)0.00
(0.000)−0.00
(0.000)−0.04
(0.028)−0.11***
(0.034)−0.05**
(0.022)−0.05*
(0.026)Rental-pair fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes R-squared 0.046 0.041 0.038 0.046 Observations 948 948 948 948 Note: The base category for comparing
estimates is a landlord’s owner-operated plot(s). Standard errors are in parentheses. Models include a constant and district-level FEs. Districts are not completely collinear with the rental-pair location because we found four cases of tenants and landlord pairs residing in different districts. The number of observations = 948, with 169 matched tenant-landlord pairs; and are compared with the landlord’s owner-cultivated plot.↵***, **, * Significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.
Dependent Variable (=1 if plot rented out, =0 if owner cultivated) (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) =1 if landlord views soil as good or very good 0.11
(0.167)0.02
(0.160)=1 if topsoil is acidic
(<5.2 pH) in topsoil−0.05
(0.156)−0.04
(0.145)Organic matter
(%) in topsoil−0.07
(0.042)−0.06
(0.043)Phosphorus
(ppm) in topsoil0.00
(0.003)0.00
(0.003)Fruit trees on the plot −0.49***
(0.121)−0.51***
(0.120)=1 if landlord perceives someone likely to challenge tenure status of plot 0.29
(0.197)0.33*
(0.182)Landlord fixed effects Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes R-squared 0.004 0.018 0.097 0.016 0.137 Observations 245 245 245 245 245 Note: Standard errors are in parentheses. Models include a constant and district-level FEs. Districts are not completely collinear with the rental-pair location because we found four cases of tenants and landlord pairs residing in different districts. The number of observations = 245, with 137 owner-operated plots and 108 rented-out plots.
↵***, **, * Significance at the 1%, 5%, and 10% levels, respectively.
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