Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Figure 1
Illustrations of Three Levels of Restoration Quality
- Figure 2
Example of a Choice Card
- Figure 3
Median Annual Household Willingness to Pay and Changes in Willingness to Pay from Changing One Attribute
Tables
Attribute Meaning Levels Level of restoration The level of restoration done in the restored areas, if any. More restoration involves active plantation of native species in addition to dune flattening and invasive grass removal. The latter two are also carried out in moderate restoration. 1: No new restoration (status quo, only possible in status quo)
2: Moderate restoration
3: Full restorationSize of all restored areas combined The total restored areas would be split up into 10 sites. This attribute shows the total size of these areas. Larger areas cost more to maintain. 1: 0 acres (status quo, only possible in status quo)
2: 3,000 acres
3: 7,000 acres
4: 10,000 acres
5: 15,000 acresRecreation Type of recreational activities allowed. Fewer recreation activities allowed means only walking on wet sand is allowed, while more recreation involves all the current activities allowed (e.g., hiking, picnic, walking dog) and riding off-road vehicles. 1: Fewer recreational activities
2: Same (status quo)
3: More recreational activitiesNumber of flooding days Number of days per year (usually in winter) the restored areas, or areas where restoration could be, are temporarily flooded on average. Full restoration may lead to more flooding due to flattened dunes. 1: 2 days (status quo, only possible in status quo)
2: 5 days
3:10 days
4: 20 daysAdded cost to household Total cost to household per year for the next 10 years in terms of increased taxes. 1: $0 (status quo, only possible in status quo)
2: $10
3: $20
4: $50
5: $75
6: $100
7: $175
8: $250
9: $350Variable Sample Mean (Std. Dev.) Pacific Northwest Population Mean Age 57.34 (15.70) 37.75 Female 40.97% (0.49) 50.51% White 92.01% (0.27) 81.94% Education (% with bachelor’s degree or higher) 49.78% (0.50) 32.97% Median income (US$1,000s) $60,000–$69,000 $60,000–$69,000 Employment (% employed) 53.08% 59.11% Household size 2.44 (1.27) 2.55 Attribute Main Effects Mixed Logit (1) Main Effects Mixed Logit (2) Interaction Effects Mixed Logit (3) Coeff. Std. Err. Coeff. Std. Err. Coeff. Std. Err. Estimated Parameter Means Log (cost) −0.54*** 0.32 −0 77*** 0.16 −0.77*** 0.27 Size 0.04 0.07 0.45** 0.23 1.00* 0.57 Flood 0.07 0.07 0.04 0.22 0.08 0.33 Full 0.41*** 0.08 1.74*** 0.35 2.11*** 0.74 Fewer rec −0.18** 0.07 −1.28*** 0.30 −0.83* 0.49 More rec −0.61*** 0.08 −3.31*** 0.55 −2.86*** 0.76 Alternative-specific constant −0.41*** 0.10 −5.20*** 0.82 −4.86*** 1.60 Size × fewer rec −0.72 0.56 Size × more rec −0.48 0.48 Size × full rec −0.57 0.53 Estimated Parameter Standard Deviations Log (Cost) 1.38*** 0.10 1.38*** 0.18 Size 1.31** 0.64 0.94 2.50 Flood 0.29 2.12 0.77 2.47 Full 3.79*** 0.64 3.84*** 0.69 Fewer rec 3.26*** 0.63 3.49*** 0.74 More rec 4.16*** 0.80 4.38*** 1.26 Alternative-specific constant 8.73*** 1.28 9.20*** 1.75 Size × fewer rec 1.12 1.46 Size × more rec 1.31 1.66 Size × full rec 0.04 0.28 Log-likelihood −3,397 −2,675 −2,670 - Table 4
Median Annual Household Willingness to Pay and Aggregate Population Benefits for Pacific Northwest Sandy Beach and Coastal Dune Restoration
Restoration Outcome Household Willingness to Pay Lower Bound Population Benefits Restoration Level Recreation Access Size (Acres) (US$) Median (95% CI) (US$ Millions) Median (95% CI) Full Same 3,000 $48 (33, 65) $69 (47, 93) 7,000 $54 (36,774) $77 (52, 105) 10,000 $58 (37,81) $83 (53, 116) 15,000 $65 (38, 93) $93 (55, 134) Full Limited 3,000 $12 (0, 27) $17 (0, 39) 7,000 $15 (2, 33) $22 (3, 47) 10,000 $19 (3,37) $27 (4, 53) 15,000 $25 (4, 48) $35 (6, 70) Mooderate Same 3,000 $4 (−6, 17) $6 (−7, 25) 7,000 $8 (−1, 23) $12 (−1, 33) 10,000 $12 (1, 29) $17 (1, 42) 15,000 $18 (2, 42) $25 (3, 59)
