Which Benefits Would Make Farmers Happier, and Which Would They Choose?

References

1. ↵
   1. Adler, M. D.

   2013. “Happiness Surveys and Public Policy: What’s the Use?” Duke Law Journal 62 (8): 1509–601.

   OpenUrl
2. ↵
   1. Adler, M. D.,
   2. P. Dolan, and
   3. G. Kavetsos

   . 2017. “Would You Choose to Be Happy? Tradeoffs between Happiness and the Other Dimensions of Life in a Large Population Survey.” Journal of Economic Behavior and Organization 139: 60–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2017.05.006.

   OpenUrl
3. ↵
   1. Beedell, J., and
   2. T. Rehman

   . 1999. “Explaining Farmers’ Conservation Behaviour: Why Do Farmers Behave the Way They Do?” Journal of Environmental Management 57 (3): 165–76. https://doi.org/10.1006/jema.1999.0296.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
4. ↵
   1. Beedell, J., and
   2. T. Rehman

   . 2000. “Using Social-Psychology Models to Understand Farmers’ Conservation Behaviour.” Journal of Rural Studies 16 (1): 117–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0743-0167(99)00043-1.

   OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
5. ↵
   1. Benjamin, D. J.,
   2. O. Heffetz,
   3. M. S. Kimball, and
   4. A. Rees-Jones

   . 2012. “What Do You Think Would Make You Happier? What Do You Think You Would Choose?” American Economic Review 102 (5): 2083–110. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.102.5.2083.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
6. ↵
   1. Benjamin, D. J.,
   2. O. Heffetz,
   3. M. S. Kimball, and
   4. A. Rees-Jones

   . 2014. “Can Marginal Rates of Substitution Be Inferred from Happiness Data? Evidence from Residency Choices.” American Economic Review 104 (11): 3498–528. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.11.3498.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
7. ↵
   1. Benjamin, D. J.,
   2. O. Heffetz,
   3. M. S. Kimball, and
   4. N. Szembrot

   . 2014. “Beyond Happiness and Satisfaction: Toward Well-Being Indices Based on Stated Preference.” American Economic Review 104 (9): 2698–735. https://doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.9.2698.

   OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
8. ↵
   1. Chabé-Ferret, S., and
   2. Subervie, J.

   2013. “How Much Green for the Buck? Estimating Additional and Windfall Effects of French Agro-environmental Schemes by DID-Matching.” Journal of Environmental Economics and Management 65 (1): 12–27. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeem.2012.09.003.

   OpenUrl
9. ↵
   1. Coe, S., and
   2. J. Finlay

   . 2020. “The Agriculture Act 2020.” Briefing Paper CBP 8702. London: House of Commons Library. Available at https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-8702/CBP-8702.pdf.
10. ↵
    1. Comerford, D. A., and
    2. L. K. Lades

    . 2022. “Responsibility Utility and the Difference between Preference and Desirance: Implications for Welfare Evaluation.” Social Choice and Welfare 58: 201–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00355-021-01352-9.

    OpenUrl
11. ↵
    1. Cullen, P.,
    2. M. Ryan,
    3. C. O’Donoghue,
    4. S. Hynes,
    5. D. Ó. hUuallacháin, and
    6. H. Sheridan

    . 2020. “Impact of Farmer Self-Identity and Attitudes on Participation in Agri-environment Schemes.” Land Use Policy 95: 104660. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2020.104660.

    OpenUrl
12. ↵
    1. Darnhofer, I.,
    2. W. Schneeberger, and
    3. B. Freyer

    . 2005. “Converting or Not Converting to Organic Farming in Austria: Farmer Types and their Rationale.” Agriculture and Human Values 22 (1): 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10460-004-7229-9.

    OpenUrl
13. ↵
    1. Edwards-Jones, G.

    2006. “Modelling Farmer Decision-Making: Concepts, Progress and Challenges.” Animal Science 82 (6): 783–90. https://doi.org/10.1017/ASC2006112.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
14. ↵
    European Commission Directorate-General for Environment. 2017. Agri-environment Schemes: Impacts on the Agricultural Environment. Publications Office of the European Union. Available at https://doi.org/10.2779/633983.
15. ↵
    1. Fleurbaey, M., and
    2. H. Schwandt

    . 2015. “Do People Seek to Maximize Their Subjective Well-Being?” Unpublished manuscript. Available at https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2684280.
16. ↵
    1. Foltz, J. D.

    2003. “The Economics of Water-Conserving Technology Adoption in Tunisia: An Empirical Estimation of Farmer Technology Choice.” Economic Development and Cultural Change 51 (2): 359–73. https://doi.org/10.1086/367627.

    OpenUrl
17. ↵
    1. Gasson, R.

    1973. “Goals and Values of Farmers.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 24 (3): 521–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.1973.tb00952.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
18. ↵
    1. Gasson, R.

    1974. “Socioeconomic Status and Orientation to Work: The Case of Farmers.” Sociologia Ruralis 14 (3): 127–41. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9523.1974.tb01020.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
19. ↵
    1. Hirschauer, N.,
    2. M. Lehberger, and
    3. O. Musshoff

    . 2015. “Happiness and Utility in Economic Thought—Or: What Can We Learn from Happiness Research for Public Policy Analysis and Public Policy Making?” Social Indicators Research 121 (3): 647–74. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11205-014-0654-2.

    OpenUrl
20. ↵
    1. Hodge, I., and
    2. M. Reader

    . 2010. “The Introduction of Entry Level Stewardship in England: Extension or Dilution in Agri-environment Policy?” Land Use Policy 27 (2): 270–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2009.03.005.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
21. ↵
    1. Howley, P.

    2015. “The Happy Farmer: The Effect of Nonpecuniary Benefits on Behavior.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 97 (4): 1072–86. https://doi.org/10.1093/ajae/aav020.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
22. ↵
    1. Howley, P.,
    2. E. Dillon,
    3. K. Heanue, and
    4. D. Meredith

    . 2017. “Worth the Risk? The Behavioural Path to Well-Being.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 68 (2): 534–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-9552.12202.

    OpenUrl
23. ↵
    1. Howley, P., and
    2. N. Ocean

    . 2021. “Doing More with Less: Leveraging Social Norms and Status Concerns in Encouraging Conservation Farm Practices.” Land Economics 97 (2): 372–87. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.97.2.372.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
24. ↵
    1. Howley, P., and
    2. N. Ocean

    . 2022. “Can Nudging Only Get You So Far? Testing for Nudge Combination Effects.” European Review of Agricultural Economics 49 (5): 1086–112. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbab041.

    OpenUrl
25. ↵
    Joint Nature Conservation Committee. 2021. “UKBI: B1a. Area of Land in Agri-environment Schemes.” Available at https://jncc.gov.uk/our-work/ukbi-b1a-agri-environment-schemes/.
26. ↵
    1. Kahneman, D.,
    2. P. P. Wakker, and
    3. R. Sarin

    . 1997. “Back to Bentham? Explorations of Experienced Utility.” Quarterly Journal of Economics 112 (2): 375–406. https://doi.org/10.1162/003355397555235.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
27. ↵
    1. Key, N., and
    2. M. J. Roberts

    . 2009. “Nonpecuniary Benefits to Farming: Implications for Supply Response to Decoupled Payments.” American Journal of Agricultural Economics 91 (1): 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8276.2008.01180.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
28. ↵
    1. Kuhfuss, L.,
    2. R. Préget,
    3. S. Thoyer, and
    4. N. Hanley

    . 2016. “Nudging Farmers to Enrol Land into Agri-environmental Schemes: The Role of a Collective Bonus.” European Review of Agricultural Economics 43 (4): 609–36. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbv031.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
29. ↵
    1. Kuhfuss, L., and
    2. J. Subervie

    . 2018. “Do European Agri-environment Measures Help Reduce Herbicide Use? Evidence from Viticulture in France.” Ecological Economics 149: 202–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2018.03.015.

    OpenUrl
30. ↵
    1. Läpple, D., and
    2. T. V. Rensburg

    . 2011. “Adoption of Organic Farming: Are There Differences between Early and Late Adoption?” Ecological Economics 70 (7): 1406–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2011.03.002.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
31. ↵
    1. Lichtenberg, E.

    2004. “Cost-Responsiveness of Conservation Practice Adoption: A Revealed Preference Approach.” Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 29 (3): 420–35.

    OpenUrlWeb of Science
32. ↵
    1. Liddell, F. D.

    1983. “Simplified Exact Analysis of Case-Referent Studies: Matched Pairs; Dichotomous Exposure.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 37 (1): 82–84. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech.37.1.82.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
33. ↵
    1. Lokhorst, A. M.,
    2. H. Staats,
    3. J. van Dijk,
    4. E. van Dijk, and
    5. G. de Snoo

    . 2011. “What’s in It for Me? Motivational Differences between Farmers’ Subsidised and Non-subsidised Conservation Practices.” Applied Psychology 60 (3): 337–53. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-0597.2011.00438.x.

    OpenUrl
34. ↵
    1. Markussen, T.,
    2. M. Fibæk,
    3. F. Tarp, and
    4. N. D. A. Tuan

    . 2018. “The Happy Farmer: Self-Employment and Subjective Well-Being in Rural Vietnam.” Journal of Happiness Studies 19 (6): 1613–36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-017-9858-x.

    OpenUrl
35. ↵
    1. Marr, E. J., and
    2. P. Howley

    . 2019. “The Accidental Environmentalists: Factors Affecting Farmers’ Adoption of Pro-environmental Activities in England and Ontario.” Journal of Rural Studies 68: 100–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrur stud.2019.01.013.

    OpenUrl
36. ↵
    1. Maybery, D.,
    2. L. Crase, and
    3. C. Gullifer

    . 2005. “Categorising Farming Values as Economic, Conservation and Lifestyle.” Journal of Economic Psychology 26 (1): 59–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joep.2003.10.001.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
37. ↵
    1. McGurk, E.,
    2. S. Hynes, and
    3. F. Thorne

    . 2020. “Participation in Agri-environmental Schemes: A Contingent Valuation Study of Farmers in Ireland.” Journal of Environmental Management 262: 110243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenv man.2020.110243.

    OpenUrl
38. ↵
    1. Mills, J.,
    2. P. Gaskell,
    3. J. Ingram, and
    4. S. Chaplin

    . 2018. “Understanding Farmers’ Motivations for Providing Unsubsidised Environmental Benefits.” Land Use Policy 76: 697–707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landusepol.2018.02.053.

    OpenUrl
39. ↵
    1. Musshoff, O.,
    2. M. Odening,
    3. C. Schade,
    4. S. C. Maart-Noelck, and
    5. S. Sandri

    . 2013. “Inertia in Disinvestment Decisions: Experimental Evidence.” European Review of Agricultural Economics 40 (3): 463–85. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbs032.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
40. ↵
    1. Mzoughi, N.

    2014. “Do Organic Farmers Feel Happier than Conventional Ones? An Exploratory Analysis.” Ecological Economics 103: 38–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.04.015.

    OpenUrl
41. ↵
    1. O’Brien, L. V.,
    2. H. L. Berry, and
    3. A. Hogan

    . 2012. “The Structure of Psychological Life Satisfaction: Insights from Farmers and a General Community Sample in Australia.” BMC Public Health 12 (1): 976. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-12-976.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMed
42. ↵
    1. Ocean, N., and
    2. P. Howley

    . 2021. “Using Choice Framing to Improve the Design of Agricultural Subsidy Schemes.” Land Economics 97 (4): 933–50. https://doi.org/10.3368/le.97.4.041620-0055R1.

    OpenUrlAbstract/FREE Full Text
43. ↵
    1. O’Donoghue, C., and
    2. P. Howley

    . 2012. “The Single Farm Payment: A Basic Income for Farmers?” Basic Income Studies 7 (1). https://doi.org/10.1515/1932-0183.1196.
44. ↵
    1. Pannell, D. J.,
    2. G. R. Marshall,
    3. N. Barr,
    4. A. Curtis,
    5. F. Vanclay, and
    6. R. Wilkinson

    . 2006. “Understanding and Promoting Adoption of Conservation Practices by Rural Landholders.” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 46 (11): 1407–24. https://doi.org/10.1071/EA05037.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
45. ↵
    1. Pe’er, G.,
    2. A. Bonn,
    3. H. Bruelheide,
    4. P. Dieker,
    5. N. Eisenhauer,
    6. P. H. Feindt,
    7. G. Hagedorn

    , et al. 2020. “Action Needed for the EU Common Agricultural Policy to Address Sustainability Challenges.” People and Nature 2 (2): 305–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/pan3.10080.

    OpenUrl
46. ↵
    1. Pufahl, A., and
    2. C. R. Weiss

    . 2009. “Evaluating the Effects of Farm Programmes: Results from Propensity Score Matching.” European Review of Agricultural Economics 36 (1): 79–101. https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbp001.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
47. ↵
    1. Rätzel, S.

    2012. “Labour Supply, Life Satisfaction, and the (Dis)Utility of Work.” Scandinavian Journal of Economics 114 (4): 1160–81. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9442.2012.01717.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
48. ↵
    1. Redelmeier, D. A., and
    2. D. Kahneman

    . 1996). “Patients’ Memories of Painful Medical Treatments: Real-Time and Retrospective Evaluations of Two Minimally Invasive Procedures.” Pain 66 (1): 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(96)02994-6.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
49. ↵
    1. Ruto, E., and
    2. G. Garrod

    . 2009. “Investigating Farmers’ Preferences for the Design of Agri-environment Schemes: A Choice Experiment Approach.” Journal of Environmental Planning and Management 52 (5): 631–47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09640560902958172.

    OpenUrl
50. ↵
    1. Ryan, R. M., and
    2. E. L. Deci

    . 2000. “Self-Determination Theory and the Facilitation of Intrinsic Motivation, Social Development, and Well-Being.” American Psychologist 55 (1): 68–78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68.

    OpenUrlCrossRefPubMedWeb of Science
51. ↵
    1. Ryan, R. M., and
    2. E. L. Deci

    . 2019. “Brick by Brick: The Origins, Development, and Future of Self-Determination Theory.” In Advances in Motivation Science, vol. 6, edited by A. J. Elliot, 111–56. Amsterdam: Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/bs.adms.2019.01.001.

    OpenUrl
52. ↵
    1. Spencer, D. A.

    2014. “Conceptualising Work in Economics: Negating a Disutility.” Kyklos 67 (2): 280–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/kykl.12054.

    OpenUrl
53. ↵
    1. Stutzer, A., and
    2. B. S. Frey

    . 2010. “Recent Advances in the Economics of Individual Subjective Well-Being.” Social Research: An International Quarterly 77 (2): 679–714.

    OpenUrl
54. ↵
    1. Vanclay, F.

    2004. “Social Principles for Agricultural Extension to Assist in the Promotion of Natural Resource Management.” Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44 (3): 213–22. https://doi.org/10.1071/ea02139.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science
55. ↵
    1. Vanslembrouck, I.,
    2. G. V. Huylenbroeck, and
    3. W. Verbeke

    . 2002. “Determinants of the Willingness of Belgian Farmers to Participate in Agri-environmental Measures.” Journal of Agricultural Economics 53 (3): 489–511. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-9552.2002.tb00034.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
56. ↵
    1. Wezel, A.,
    2. M. Casagrande,
    3. F. Celette,
    4. J.-F. Vian,
    5. A. Ferrer, and
    6. J. Peigné

    . 2014. “Agroecological Practices for Sustainable Agriculture. A Review.” Agronomy for Sustainable Development 34 (1): 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13593-013-0180-7.

    OpenUrl
57. ↵
    1. Willock, J.,
    2. I. J. Deary,
    3. M. M. McGregor,
    4. A. Sutherland,
    5. G. Edwards-Jones,
    6. O. Morgan,
    7. B. Dent

    , et al. 1999. “Farmers’ Attitudes, Objectives, Behaviors, and Personality Traits: The Edinburgh Study of Decision Making on Farms.” Journal of Vocational Behavior 54 (1): 5–36. https://doi.org/10.1006/jvbe.1998.1642.

    OpenUrlCrossRef
58. ↵
    1. Wilson, T. D., and
    2. D. T. Gilbert

    . 2005. “Affective Forecasting: Knowing What to Want.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 14 (3): 131–34. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0963-7214.2005.00355.x.

    OpenUrlCrossRefWeb of Science