Research ArticleArticles
The Tradeoff Between Wildlife Conservation and Renewable Energy
Evidence from Eagles and Wind Turbines
Brock O’Brien and Nick Hagerty
Published online before print March 07, 2025, 092023-0091R; DOI: https://doi.org/10.3368/le.101.3.092023-0091R
Brock O’Brien
1Independent scholar
Nick Hagerty
2Department of Agricultural Economics and Economics, Montana State University,
Roles: Assistant Professor

References
- Allison, Taber D.,
- Jean Fitts Cochrane,
- Eric Lonsdorf, and
- Carol Sanders-Reed
- Auffhammer, Maximilian,
- Maya Duru,
- Edward Rubin, and
- David L. Sunding
- Bever, Lindsey
- Boskovic, Branko and
- Linda Nostbakken
- Brown, Jason P.,
- John Pender,
- Ryan Wiser,
- Eric Lantz, and
- Ben Hoen
- Callaway, Brantly,
- Andrew Goodman-Bacon, and Pedro
- H. C. Sant’Anna
- Crandall, Ross H.,
- Bryan E. Bedrosian, and
- Derek Craighead
- Denholm, Paul,
- Patrick Brown,
- Wesley Cole,
- Trieu Mai,
- Brian Sergi,
- Maxwell Brown,
- Page Jardun,
- Jonathan Ho,
- Jack Mayernik,
- Colin McMillan, and
- Ragini Sreenath
- DOJ, “Utility Company Sentenced in Wyoming for Killing Protected Birds at Wind Projects,” 2014.
- DOJ, “Eastern District of California ESI Energy LLC, Wholly Owned Subsidiary of Nextera Energy Resources LLC, is Sentenced after Pleading Guilty to Killing and Wounding Eagles in its Wind Energy Operations, in Violation of the Migratory Bird Treaty Act,” 2022.
- Dröes, Martijn I. and
- Hans R.A. Koster
- Du, Yimeng and
- Kenji Takeuchi
- Eagle, Joshua G. and
- David R. Betters
- EPA, “Greenhouse Gases Equivalencies Calculator - Calculations and References,” 2023.
- Erickson, Wallace P.,
- Melissa M. Wolfe,
- Kimberly J. Bay,
- Douglas H. Johnson, and
- Joelle L. Gehring
- Espey, Molley and
- Eamon Espey
- Gordon, Oliver
- Gross, Samantha
- Hersher, Rebecca,
- Aaron Scott,
- Rebecca Ramirez, and
- Margaret Cirino
- Hoen, B.D.,
- J.E. Diffendorfer,
- J.E. Rand,
- L.A. Garrity, and
- H.E. Hunt
- Hosterman, H and
- D Lane
- Hunt, W. G.,
- R. E. Jackman,
- T. L. Hunt,
- D. E. Driscoll,
- and L. Culp
- Krekel, Christian and
- Alexander Zerrahn
- Lopez, Anthony,
- Trieu Mai,
- Eric Lantz,
- Dylan Harrison-Atlas,
- Travis Williams, and
- Galen Maclaurin
- Loss, Scott R.,
- Tom Will, and
- Peter P. Marra
- Maddison, David,
- Reece Ogier, and
- Allan Beltrán
- Melstrom, Richard T.
- Miao, Ruiqing,
- Prasenjit N. Ghosh,
- Madhu Khanna,
- Weiwei Wang, and
- Jian Rong
- Millsap, Brian A.,
- Emily R. Bjerre,
- Mark C. Otto,
- Guthrie S. Zimmerman, and
- Nathan L. Zimpfer
- Millsap, Brian A.,
- Guthrie S. Zimmerman,
- John R. Sauer,
- Ryan M. Nielson,
- Mark Otto,
- Emily Bjerre, and
- Robert Murphy
- Millsap, Brian A.,
- William L. Kendall,
- Joseph G. Barnes,
- Melissa A. Braham,
- Bryan E. Bedrosian,
- Douglas A. Bell,
- Peter H. Bloom,
- Ross H. Crandall,
- Robert Domenech,
- Daniel Driscoll,
- Adam E. Duerr,
- Rick Gerhardt,
- Samantha E. J. Gibbs,
- Alan R. Harmata,
- Kenneth Jacobson,
- Todd E. Katzner,
- Robert N. Knight,
- J. Michael Lockhart,
- Carol McIntyre,
- Robert K. Murphy,
- Steven J. Slater,
- Brian W. Smith,
- Jeff P. Smith,
- Dale W. Stahlecker, and
- James W. Watson
- Mojica, Elizabeth K.,
- Duncan T. Eccleston, and
- Richard E. Harness
- New, Leslie,
- Joseph Simonis,
- Mark Otto,
- Emily Bjerre, and
- Brian Millsap
- Opar, Alisa
- Richardson, Leslie and
- John Loomis
- Roth, Jonathan,
- Pedro H.C. Sant’Anna,
- Alyssa Bilinski, and
- John Poe
- Sauer, John,
- William Link, and
- James Hines
- Schmuecker, Sara J.,
- Drew A. Becker,
- Michael J. Lanzone,
- Bob Fogg,
- Susan P. Romano,
- Todd E. Katzner, and
- Tricia A. Miller
- Shrimali, Gireesh,
- Gabriel Chan,
- Steffen Jenner,
- Felix Groba, and
- Joe Indvik
- Smallwood, K. Shawn
- Sullivan, Brian L.,
- Christopher L. Wood,
- Marshall J. Iliff,
- Rick E. Bonney,
- Daniel Fink, and
- Steve Kelling
- Thompson, Amanda
- Trabish, Herman K.
- USFWS, “Land-based Wind Energy Guidelines,” 2012.
- USFWS, “Final Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement for the Eagle Rule Revision,” 2016.
- USFWS, “U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Final Report: Bald Eagle Population Size: 2020 Update,” 2020.
- USFWS, “Permits for Incidental Take of Eagles and Eagle Nests,” 2022.
- USGS, “How Many Homes can an Average Wind Turbine Power?” 2020.
- Wiser, Ryan,
- Mark Bolinger,
- Ben Hoen,
- Dev Millstein,
- Joe Rand,
- Galen Barbose,
- Naïm Darghouth,
- Will Gorman,
- Seongeun Jeong, and
- Ben Paulos
- Zimmerman, Guthrie S.,
- Brian A. Millsap,
- Fitsum Abadi,
- Jay V. Gedir,
- William L. Kendall, and
- John R. Sauer
- Zou, Eric
In this issue
Land Economics
Vol. 101, Issue 1
1 Feb 2025
The Tradeoff Between Wildlife Conservation and Renewable Energy
Brock O’Brien, Nick Hagerty
Land Economics Mar 2025, 092023-0091R; DOI: 10.3368/le.101.3.092023-0091R
Jump to section
Related Articles
Cited By...
- No citing articles found.