Open Access

The Economic Benefits of Nature-Based Solutions for Climate Risk

A Meta-Analysis

G. Garcia Alvarez, W.J.W. Botzen, M. Tesselaar, J.C.J.H. Aerts, A. Staccione, J. Mysiak and M. Bockarjova

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  • Published online December 12, 2025.

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  1. G. Garcia Alvareza,g,
  2. W.J.W. Botzena,b,g,
  3. M. Tesselaara,g,
  4. J.C.J.H. Aertsa,f,g,
  5. A. Staccionec,d,e,g,
  6. J. Mysiakd,e,g, and
  7. M. Bockarjovaf,g
  1. aInstitute for Environmental Studies (IVM), Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
  2. bUtrecht University School of Economics, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
  3. cInstitute of Meteorology and Climate Research, Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
  4. dCMCC Foundation – Euro-Mediterranean Center on Climate Change, Lecce, Italy
  5. eCa’ Foscari University of Venice, Italy
  6. fDeltares Institute, Delft, Netherlands
  7. gUniversity of Twente, Enschede, Netherlands

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