RT Journal Article SR Electronic T1 Corporate Environmental Management: Regulatory and Market-Based Incentives JF Land Economics JO Land Econ FD University of Wisconsin Press SP 539 OP 558 DO 10.2307/3146852 VO 78 IS 4 A1 Khanna, Madhu A1 Anton, William Rose Q. YR 2002 UL http://le.uwpress.org/content/78/4/539.abstract AB The corporate approach to environmental protection has been evolving from a regulation-driven reactive mode to a more proactive approach involving voluntarily adopted management systems that integrate environmental concerns with traditional managerial functions. Several hypotheses about the factors explaining the diversity in the environmental management systems adopted by firms are tested using survey data for a sample of S&P 500 firms. The analysis shows that the threat of environmental liabilities, high costs of compliance, market pressures, and public pressures on firms with high on-site toxic emissions per unit output create incentives for adopting a more comprehensive environmental management system. (JEL L5, Q2)