<?xml version='1.0' encoding='UTF-8'?><xml><records><record><source-app name="HighWire" version="7.x">Drupal-HighWire</source-app><ref-type name="Journal Article">17</ref-type><contributors><authors><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Sam, Abdoul G.</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Khanna, Madhu</style></author><author><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Innes, Robert</style></author></authors><secondary-authors></secondary-authors></contributors><titles><title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Voluntary Pollution Reduction Programs, Environmental Management, and Environmental Performance: An Empirical Study</style></title><secondary-title><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">Land Economics</style></secondary-title></titles><dates><year><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009</style></year><pub-dates><date><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">2009-11-01 00:00:00</style></date></pub-dates></dates><pages><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">692-711</style></pages><doi><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">10.3368/le.85.4.692</style></doi><volume><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">85</style></volume><issue><style face="normal" font="default" size="100%">4</style></issue><abstract><style  face="normal" font="default" size="100%">This paper examines, empirically, the mechanism by which a voluntary pollution reduction program (VPR) achieves pollution reductions. We find that participation in the 33/50 program, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s first VPR, spurred the adoption of total quality environmental management (TQEM), an environmental management system that views pollution as a quality defect to be continuously reduced through the development of products and processes that minimize waste generation at source. We find in turn that TQEM had a significant negative effect on 33/50 releases and that 33/50 participation produced additional direct pollution reduction benefits both during and after the program years. (JEL C23, Q58)</style></abstract></record></records></xml>