PT  - JOURNAL ARTICLE
AU  - Matthew Gammans
AU  - James N. Sanchirico
AU  - Kailin Kroetz
AU  - Paul R. Armsworth
AU  - Elaine W. Swiedler
TI  - Are Simultaneously Decided Referenda Substitutable? Evidence from Municipal Land Use Ballot Measures
AID  - 10.3368/wple.97.3.021019-0021R
DP  - 2021 Sep 27
TA  - Land Economics
PG  - 021019-0021R
4099  - http://le.uwpress.org/content/early/2021/09/20/wple.97.3.021019-0021R.short
4100  - http://le.uwpress.org/content/early/2021/09/20/wple.97.3.021019-0021R.full
AB  - The results of ballot referenda have often been used to infer the preferences of voters for various types of policy. However, voters may be influenced by the appearance of competing ballot referenda. We propose a simple theoretical framework for considering the substitutability or complementarity of various land use policies and apply this framework to a novel dataset of 603 land-related municipal ballot measures in California. We find that the appearance of a competing anti-growth measure decreases support for other anti-growth measures, while the appearance of pro-growth measures do not affect the likelihood of passage for anti-growth or pro-growth measures.