TABLE 4

Parameter Estimates

	Ex Ante Costs (N = 164)			Ex Post Costs (N = 150)
	CSP Participation	Non-CSP Transaction Cost	CSP Transaction Cost	CSP Participation	Non-CSP Transaction Cost	CSP Transaction Cost
Intercept	−0.06657	2.50959	3.44414	−0.08528	0.04080	−0.09490
Years of education	0.03210^**	0.10912^***	−0.05311	0.03801^**	0.00382	0.07719
Retired farmer	−0.06195	0.57387^**	0.03959	−0.05706	−0.17789	0.40202
Farmer age	0.00407	−0.04134	−0.00303	0.01427	0.05756^*	0.02182
Farmer age squared	−0.00010	0.00019	0.00004	−0.00018	−0.00057^*	−0.00006
Number of operators	0.13504^***	0.30911^**	0.41127^**	0.14103^***	0.01639	0.26647
Value of production	−0.05902^*	0.20829^**	0.14758	−0.05182	−0.13711^*	−0.32129^***
Total farmland acres	0.06294^**	−0.18720^*	−0.07383	0.04203	0.11119	0.00958
Proportion of value from livestock	0.13587	0.47945	0.27445	0.19985	0.50229	1.20442^**
Highly erodible land	0.09532	−0.00643	0.07648	−0.00707	−0.15099	−0.23659
Soil conservation plan (pre-2004)	−0.38222^***			−0.32882^***
Nutrient management plan (pre-2004)	0.34959^***			0.34650^***
Pest management plan (pre-2004)	0.37289^***			0.34209^*
Heartland	−0.02333	−0.95602^**	−0.57820	−0.38423	−0.95954	−1.17600
Northern Crescent	0.14147	−0.14377	−0.60355	−0.20036	−0.53184	−1.43330^*
Northern Great Plains	−0.25167	−0.74351	0.51689	−0.54902^*	−0.48973	−1.15574
Prairie Gateway	−0.14231	−1.10556^**	−0.51761	−0.36155	−1.31104^*	−1.50346^**
Southern Seaboard	−0.55724^**	−1.18525^**	−0.83039	−0.91088^***	−0.92576	−3.10569^*
Mississippi Portal	−0.17947	−0.41117	−0.37717	−0.42100	−0.41475	−0.70839
Error standard deviation	0.41407^***	0.66654^***	1.02300^***	0.40983^***	0.48026^***	0.93222^***
Error correlation		0.23941	−0.53923^***		0.07187	0.17639
Log likelihood (LL)	−271.15			−228.36
−2[LL–LL_c]	−125.32^***			−111.38^***

Note: LL_C = LL when model contains only constant terms. CSP, Conservation Stewardship Program.
↵* p < 0.10;
↵** p < 0.05;
↵*** p < 0.01.