Covariates Used in Analysis
| Unit of Measure | Component | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Economic characteristic | |||
| Total arable land | ha | Vit | (1), (2), (3), (4), (6), (7), (8) |
| Share of rented land | % | Vit | (2), (3), (4), (7), (8) |
| Farm revenue | € per ha | Vit | (4), (7), (8) |
| Farm fixed costs | € per ha | Vit | New |
| Farm variable costs | € per ha | Vit | (4) |
| Fertilizer expenditure | € per ha | Vit | (2), (4), (7) |
| Pesticides expenditure | € per ha | Vit | (2), (4), (7) |
| Livestock density | Units per ha | Vit | (2), (5), (6), (8) |
| Family labor | Count | Si(*) | (2), (3), (4), (8), (9) |
| Nonfamily labor | Count | Vit | (2), (3), (4), (9) |
| Share of most important crop | % | Vit | (5), (6) |
| Share of second most important crop | % | Vit | (5), (6) |
| Share of grassland | % | Vit | (4), (7), (8) |
| Machinery horsepower | Kw per ha | Vit | (3) |
| Machinery value | € per ha | Vit | (3) |
| Machinery endowment | Units per ha | Vit | (3) |
| Farm specialization | Categorical | Si | (3), (6), (7), (8) |
| Sociodemographic characteristic | |||
| Farmer’s age | Years | Si(*) | (1), (3), (5), (6), (7), (8), (9) |
| Farmer’s gender | Categorical | Si | New |
| Farmer’s education | Categorical | Si(*) | (1), (3), (8) |
| Experience with previous AEPs | Categorical | Si | (6), (7) |
| Environmental/geographical characteristic | |||
| Disadvantaged area | Categorical | Si | (5), (7), (8) |
| Latitude and longitude | Degrees | Si | (6), (7) |
| Average altitude | Meters | Si | (9) |
Note: These characteristics are not strictly time invariant, but we assume they are approximately so (Vit ≈ Si) for the period 2015–2018. The references are (1) Vanslembrouck, Van Huylenbroeck, and Verbeke (2002); (2) Pufhal and Weiss (2009); (3) Pascucci et al. (2013); (4) Arata and Sckokai (2016); (5) Zimmerman and Britz (2016); (6) Bertoni et al. (2020); (7) Uehleke, Petrick, and Hüttel (2022); (8) Wąs et al. 2021; (9) Varacca et al. (2023).