Effects of Forest Certification
| Dependent Variable | Difference in Means | OLS (Year and County FE) | OLS (All Covariates) | ATT with OLS (All Covariates) | ATT with CVM on Trimmed Sample |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| A. Consideration Monitoring Dataset | |||||
| Noncompliance rate | –0.037 | 0.013 | 0.01 | 0.013 | 0.072 |
| Standard error | 0.037 | 0.042 | 0.045 | 0.052 | 0.086 |
| Observations | 763 | 763 | 763 | 763 | 295 |
| R-squared | 0.001 | 0.134 | 0.161 | 0.213 | |
| Area cleared (ha) | –0.057 | 0.043 | 0.038 | 0.061 | 0.017 |
| Standard error | 0.069 | 0.093 | 0.086 | 0.060 | 0.115 |
| Observations | 763 | 763 | 763 | 763 | 295 |
| R-squared | 0.001 | 0.029 | 0.091 | 0.162 | |
| Area cleared (IHS) | –0.040 | 0.007 | 0.000 | 0.014 | –0.018 |
| Standard error | 0.025 | 0.033 | 0.032 | 0.028 | 0.057 |
| Observations | 763 | 763 | 763 | 763 | 295 |
| R-squared | 0.003 | 0.041 | 0.109 | 0.201 | |
| Area cleared (%) | –0.011 | 0.019 | 0.023 | 0.030 | 0.075 |
| Standard error | 0.028 | 0.033 | 0.035 | 0.037 | 0.086 |
| Observations | 715 | 715 | 715 | 715 | 273 |
| R-squared | 0.000 | 0.067 | 0.085 | 0.170 | |
| B. Regeneration Monitoring Dataset | |||||
| Trees left/ha | 1.498** | 0.679 | 0.888 | –0.778 | –2.198 |
| Standard error | 0.691 | 0.828 | 0.894 | 1.062 | 1.451 |
| Observations | 1,065 | 1,065 | 1,065 | 1,065 | 754 |
| R-squared | 0.004 | 0.146 | 0.161 | 0.216 | |
| High stumps left/ha | 0.407*** | 0.237 | 0.106 | 0.183 | 0.126 |
| Standard error | 0.143 | 0.149 | 0.156 | 0.210 | 0.261 |
| Observations | 1,065 | 1,065 | 1,065 | 1,065 | 754 |
| R-squared | 0.007 | 0.155 | 0.169 | 0.200 | |
| Noncompliance Rate | |||||
| Trees left/ha | –0.086*** | –0.052* | –0.056* | –0.015 | 0.038 |
| Standard error | 0.028 | 0.030 | 0.033 | 0.042 | 0.053 |
| Observations | 1,065 | 1,065 | 1,065 | 1,065 | 754 |
| R-squared | 0.008 | 0.110 | 0.125 | 0.157 | |
| High stumps left/ha | –0.053** | –0.024 | –0.000 | –0.012 | 0.020 |
| Standard error | 0.024 | 0.025 | 0.027 | 0.036 | 0.045 |
| Observations | 1,065 | 1,065 | 1,065 | 1,065 | 754 |
| R-squared | 0.004 | 0.124 | 0.136 | 0.168 | |
Note: All covariates include variables listed in Appendix Tables A2 and A3, respectively, and county and year fixed effects. The sample includes 21 counties and 13 years. Reported standard errors are robust (White 1980) for OLS, and Abadie and Imbens (2006, 2011) for covariate matching. ATT, average treatment effect on the treated; CVM, covariate matching; FE, fixed effects; IHS, inverse hyperbolic sine transformation; OLS, ordinary least squares.
↵* p < 0.10;
↵** p < 0.05;
↵*** p < 0.01.