Table 3

Estimated Mixed Logit Choice Models for the Three Samples

SDCE (1) ThurSDCE (2) TössMDCE
Variable(3) Thur(4) Töss
Mean Estimates of Random Parameters
Constant–1.690
(6.010)		–27.741***
(10.103)		–41.346**
(16.331)		5.140
(12.584)
Length of the river section that would be restored1.161**
(0.455)		0.617**
(0.255)		7.828***
(2.142)		6.905***
(2.114)
Walking along the river3.471***
(1.110)		2.042***
(0.532)		26.927***
(6.846)		2.411
(1.991)
Swimming in the river1.112*
(0.609)		0.923**
(0.387)		9.716***
(2.605)		4.680**
(2.100)
Barbecuing on the river bank1.917***
(0.717)		–0.048
(0.411)		2.520
(1.701)		1.280
(1.365)
High biodiversity1.936**
(0.838)		0.752
(0.493)		15.703***
(4.312)		11.947***
(3.894)
Medium biodiversity0.979
(0.786)		0.454
(0.508)		13.282***
(3.554)		12.814***
(4.185)
Price–0.062***
(0.017)		–0.024***
(0.004)		–0.081***
(0.020)		–0.081***
(0.021)
Nonrandom Parameters
Walking attribute × Respondents who walk when visiting the rivers3.400***
(1.303)		2.005***
(0.573)		2.078
(2.165)		16.740***
(4.576)
Swimming attribute × Respondents who swim when visiting the rivers2.923***
(0.880)		1.791***
(0.528)		7.780***
(2.558)		6.396**
(2.602)
Barbecuing attribute × Respondents who barbecue when visiting the rivers3.985***
(1.046)		2.101***
(0.617)		18.774***
(4.835)		7.586**
(3.200)
ln(Road distance to the Thur + 1)–7.572**
(3.766)		10.393***
(3.468)		4.404
(6.091)		–3.248
(4.578)
Road distance to the Töss0.887***
(0.276)		–0.465***
(0.101)		–0.865***
(0.289)		–1.033***
(0.282)
Road distance to the valued river × Respondents living in urban areas0.871***
(0.240)		0.173***
(0.058)		5.511***
(1.595)		0.588***
(0.198)
Longitudinal distance to the valued river–0.101
(0.070)		–0.109
(0.077)		–0.805***
(0.222)		–1.053***
(0.295)
Latitudinal distance to the valued river–0.829***
(0.270)		0.106
(0.116)		0.208
(0.251)		–0.871***
(0.289)
cosθ0.571
(0.714)		–0.792
(0.652)		–7.696***
(2.180)		0.315
(0.885)
sinθ1.346
(0.845)		0.562
(0.486)		2.916***
(1.203)		3.077***
(1.118)
Standard Deviations of Random Parameters
Constant7.090***
(1.727)		4.226***
(0.736)		6.601***
(1.850)		7.266***
(1.844)
Length of the river section that would be restored2.340***
(0.580)		1.389***
(0.310)		10.456***
(2.663)		10.684***
(2.571)
Walking along the river8.199***
(2.039)		4.719***
(0.804)		39.451***
(9.658)		27.737***
(7.135)
Swimming in the river4.049***
(1.064)		3.694***
(0.713)		31.070***
(7.867)		9.686***
(2.441)
Barbecuing on the river bank4.973***
(1.448)		4.863***
(0.774)		34.740***
(8.600)		28.724***
(7.532)
High biodiversity6.163***
(1.617)		2.261***
(0.751)		22.656***
(5.363)		3.357**
(1.641)
Medium biodiversity2.992**
(1.456)		0.726
(0.676)		18.480***
(4.695)		0.091
(2.206)
Price0.055***
(0.016)		0.026***
(0.004)		0.076***
(0.019)		0.102***
(0.026)
Log-likelihood–781.67–893.08–1,004.53
Likelihood ratio test (χ2)1,508.37***1,311.94***1,154.94***
Pseudo R20.4910.4230.365
AIC/Na1.1551.3041.467
Number of observations1,3981,4101,440

  • Note: Standard errors are reported in parentheses. MDCE, multiple-site discrete choice experiment; SDCE, single-site discrete choice experiment.

  • ↵a Akaike information criterion with a correction for sample size.

  • ↵* p < 0.1;

  • ↵** p < 0.05;

  • ↵*** p < 0.01.