Estimates of Average Treatment Effect on the Treated for Lake Recreation
| Participation in 2009 I | Difference in Participation II | Total Trips in 2009 III | Difference in Total Trips IV | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Treatment Group 1: Unemployed, Part-time, and Retired | ||||
| Nearest neighbor within caliper | 0.113* (0.066) | 0.113 (0.073) | 1.019 (1.373) | 0.725 (1.268) |
| Nearest five neighbors | 0.103* (0.056) | 0.103* (0.060) | 1.123 (1.104) | 0.186 (1.007) |
| Radius matching within caliper | 0.083* (0.048) | 0.123** (0.052) | 0.719 (0.823) | 0.433 (0.772) |
| Kernel matching | 0.084* (0.051) | 0.125** (0.056) | 0.755 (0.903) | 0.411 (0.794) |
| Treatment Group 2: Unemployed and Part-time | ||||
| Nearest neighbor within caliper | 0.222*** (0.081) | 0.189* (0.115) | 0.444 (1.564) | –0.456 (1.324) |
| Nearest five neighbors | 0.137** (0.066) | 0.117 (0.087) | 0.732 (1.119) | 0.302 (1.043) |
| Radius matching within caliper | 0.139** (0.066) | 0.138* (0.083) | 0.427 (0.958) | 0.484 (0.916) |
| Kernel matching | 0.132** (0.063) | 0.138* (0.083) | 0.2 (0.936) | 0.544 (0.933) |
| Treatment Group 3: Retired | ||||
| Nearest neighbor within caliper | 0.00 (0.077) | 0.034 (0.077) | –1.121 (1.927) | –0.357 (1.482) |
| Nearest five neighbors | 0.034 (0.063) | 0.041 (0.072) | –0.238 (1.464) | 0.266 (1.268) |
| Radius matching within caliper | 0.008 (0.060) | 0.066 (0.065) | –0.492 (1.227) | –0.213 (1.097) |
| Kernel matching | 0.02 (0.063) | 0.076 (0.066) | –0.329 (1.269) | –0.008 (1.115) |
Note: The caliper is chosen as one-half of standard deviation of propensity score. Standard errors reported for nearest neighbor estimators are Abadie-Imbens robust standard errors. Standard errors reported for radius matching and kernel matching estimators are obtained from bootstrapping with 1,000 replications.
↵*, **, *** Statistical significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.