TABLE 3

Agricultural Productivity of Formal and Informal Land Rights

	OLS		IV		FE		FE-IV
	Coefficient	Std. Err.	Coefficient	Std. Err.	Coefficient	Std. Err.	Coefficient	Std. Err.
Formal title	-0.018	0.072	-0.306	0.686	-0.138	0.175	0.434	0.712
Right to sell	-0.057	0.083	-0.117	0.136	0.076	0.283	0.184	0.237
Right to lease out	0.191^**	0.082	0.247	0.151	-0.713^**	0.319	-0.550	0.354
Rights of children	0.006	0.077	0.060	0.159	0.144	0.304	0.213	0.364
identical
Right to plant trees	-0.032	0.091	-0.022	0.091	0.784^*	0.445	0.521	0.492
Right to build a tomb	0.054	0.164	0.028	0.186	-0.818^*	0.447	-0.709^**	0.343
Log of plot size	-0.346^***	0.030	-0.343^***	0.031	-0.213^***	0.069	-0.225^***	0.054
Crop disease	-0.088	0.104	-0.083	0.103	-0.092	0.150	-0.040	0.146
Distance from house	-0.003	0.002	-0.002	0.002	-0.004	0.007	-0.004	0.006
Red soil	-0.183	0.118	-0.186	0.111	-0.001	0.206	0.042	0.152
Brown or white soil	-0.062	0.083	-0.075	0.082	0.256^*	0.142	0.221	0.122
Hilltop plot	-0.206	0.245	-0.142	0.347	-0.428	0.353	-0.486	0.330
Hillside plot	-0.117^*	0.069	-0.127^*	0.072	-0.184	0.163	-0.172	0.115
Irrigated by dam	0.180^**	0.076	0.176^**	0.081	0.305^*	0.183	0.434^*	0.224
Irrigated by spring	0.184^***	0.071	0.179^**	0.072	0.330	0.204	0.437^**	0.210
Carbon	-0.683	0.862	-0.340	0.898	-0.292	3.122	0.052	1.627
Nitrogen	0.954	0.992	0.593	0.994	0.143	3.178	-0.173	2.251
Soil pH	-0.136	1.431	-0.552	1.056	-28.728^**	13.900	-23.790	15.787
Potassium	0.208	0.283	0.185	0.202	-7.854^**	3.193	-7.659^**	3.265
Clay	0.198	2.473	-0.395	2.715	-4.215	4.663	-5.186	4.195
Silt	-0.666	1.894	-1.031	1.469	12.342	13.122	7.583	15.184
Sand	-0.578	3.206	-1.313	2.876	11.514	9.149	9.878	7.295
Intercept	4.061^***	0.117	4.120^***	0.154	3.823^***	1.158	3.433^***	0.582
Number of observations	473		473		473		473
Household fixed effects	No		No		Yes		Yes
Bootstrap replications	500		—		500		—
F-statistic (Instrument)	—		2.89		—		9.61
p-Value (all coefficients)	0.00		0.00		0.00		0.00
p-Value (soil quality)	0.97		0.05		0.02		0.02
_R2	0.98		0.35		0.97		0.97

Note: The F-statistic is used to assess whether the instrumental variable is weak (Stock and Yogo 2002). The two p-values respectively refer to a test of the null hypothesis that all coefficients are equal to zero, and a test of the null hypothesis that the coefficients on the soil quality measurement variables are equal to zero.
↵*, **, *** Statistical significance at the 10%, 5%, and 1% levels, respectively.