Table 4

Results of Random Effects Regression Models for the Vignette Attributes and Controls for Sociodemographic, Belief, and Knowledge Variables

AttributeAttribute LevelModel 1p-valueModel 2p-value
Location (ref. your property)On your neighbors’ property0.152*0.0520.1570.232
On the other side of your county0.382***0.0000.409***0.003
Neighbor compensation (ref. no compensation)Receive equal compensation amounts as0.548***0.0000.569***0.001
the landowner hosting the turbines Receive some compensation0.907***0.0000.967***0.000
Ownership structure (ref. private utility company)Your municipality0.282***0.0000.297**0.016
A local cooperative0.418***0.0000.453***0.000
Inclusion (ref. landowners with turbines only)Only neighbors who are directly affected0.723***0.0000.730***0.000
All county residents0.584***0.0000.602***0.000
Influence (ref. express concerns only)Express concern and potentially sway−0.257***0.001−0.297**0.016
Have direct say−0.0830.285−0.1020.366
Access to information (ref. confidential)Will be made available to some affected0.323***0.0000.371***0.003
Will be publicly available0.303***0.0000.331***0.006
Climate concern (environmental attitude)0.659***0.006
Community excitement about new wind farms (norm)1.878***0.000
Experience with wind farms (history)−0.0750.338
Age (young)0.7340.225
Knowledge about wind energy0.395***0.000
Small land holding (farm size)0.541**0.032
Conservative political views0.574**0.023
Constant4.377***0.0002.730***0.000
Number of vignettes2,4062,226
Number of respondents401371
Log-likelihood−10,841.88−5,237.74
SD random effect2.6211.933
SD error2.0282.212
Intraclass correlation0.6250.605

  • Note: Unstandardized coefficients. Standard errors are clustered at the respondent level.

  • ↵* p < 0.1;

  • ↵** p < 0.05;

  • ↵*** p < 0.01;