Table 11

Expropriation Risk

	(1)	(2)^{^a}	(3)^{^a}	(4)^{^a,^b}	(5)^{^a,^c}
	OLS	OLS	OLS	IV	IV
Lag any fallow	0.197 [2.73]^***	0.004 [0.05]	0.013 [0.16]	− 0.538 [0.94]	−0.633 [0.96]
Lag sum of rights	−0.041 [1.07]	−0.078 [2.22]^**	−0.075 [2.28]^**	−0.069 [1.85]^*	−0.204 [0.91]
Outsider	0.05 [0.45]	0.096 [0.71]	0.085 [0.62]	−0.021 [0.12]	−0.074 [0.36]
Head non-Ivoirian	0.196 [2.05]^**	−0.058 [0.47]	−0.09 [0.67]	−0.057 [0.38]	−0.078 [0.46]
Years resident	−0.005 [1.69]^*	−0.006 [1.77]^*	−0.006 [1.62]	−0.004 [1.07]	−0.003 [0.65]
Lagged land acquisition
Bought			0.06 [0.55]
Paid to use			0.033 [0.31]
Received gift			−0.034 [0.32]
Sharecropper			0.218 [1.89]^*
Additional controls	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	568	568	568	568	568
Village dummies	50	50	50	50	50
R-squared	0.04	0.23	0.24
Cragg-Donald F				2	1.84
Hansen J				2.88	2.06
Hansen p				0.41	0.36

Note: OLS and IV with village fixed effects. Dependent variable: lost land (dummy); excludes households for which change was more than 20 ha. Absolute value of t-or z-statistics in brackets.
↵a Additional controls (lagged): head’s age; age squared; years education; gender; literacy; head married; head’s religion; housing size; value of livestock; durables and equipment owned by the household; number of tools owned; remittances in and out; household’s other income; household’s savings; dummy if household owns its housing; number of rooms; household size; number of adults; head’s mother’s and father’s educations, whether they are living, andwhether they live in the household; proportion ofland in a co-op; proportion ofland in a development scheme; percentage planted to cocoa and coffee as primary crops; total land; total land squared.
↵b Instrumented: lag any fallow. Instruments (lagged): bought land in past year, paid for use of land in the past year, received land as a gift in the past year, sharecropper.
↵c Instrumented: lag any fallow, lag sum of rights. Instruments (lagged): bought land in past year, paid for use of land in the past year, received land as a gift in the past year, sharecropper.
↵* Significant at 10%;
↵** significant at 5%;
↵*** significant at 1%.