Table 6

Kinnaman and Fullerton Data: Program and Price Effects on Per Capita Solid Waste Generation

OLS (Robust Errors)2SLSaOLS, All Towns (Robust Errors)OLS, PAYT Towns Only (Robust Errors)Heckman. PAYT Towns. Corrected for Sample Selection
Constant6.915*** (0.316)6.910*** (0.314)6.941*** (0.316)7.037*** (1.305)7.163*** (1.388)
PAYT-0.497*** (0.073)-0.545** (0.225)
P2-0.375*** (0.065)-0.047 (0.160)-0.069 (0.166)
I–R- 0.007 (0.040)0.084 (0.279)-0.017 (0.040)0.054 (0.182)0.015 (0.192)
InclOOO0.031*** (0.007)0.030*** (0.008)0.034*** (0.007)0.049 (0.034)0.056 (0.039)
Ret- 0.007 (0.005)- 0.007 (0.005)- 0.008 (0.005)-0.019 (0.021)-0.019 (0.020)
Fam-0.157 (0.123)-0.147 (0.126)-0.161 (0.124)-0.192 (0.494)-0.184 (0.497)
Educ-0.013*** (0.003)-0.013*** (0.003)-0.014*** (0.003)-0.019* (0.010)-0.020** (0.010)
Omi0.004* (0.002)0.004 (0.002)0.004* (0.002)0.006 (0.006)0.005 (0.007)
Density0.026 (0.016)0.023 (0.018)0.022 (0.016)-0.174 (0.143)-0.188 (0.128)
Density--0.001 (0.001)-0.001 (0.001)-0.0005 (0.0010)0.031* (0.018)0.033 (0.018)
I–YW'- 0.034 (0.047)-0.044 (0.051)- 0.044 (0.047)-0.400** (0.178)-0.437 (0.268)
I–DR- 0.042 (0.048)- 0.040 (0.049)- 0.050 (0.049)-0.436* (0.216)-0.431* (0.255)
I–MAN- 0.066 (0.042)- 0.089 (0.088)-0.060 (0.041)0.003 (0.163)0.018 (0.143)
k–PAYT-0.051 (0.117)
R20.1330.2950.298
Estimated % ↓ in39.3343.47
PCMSW with PAYT
Estimated Price Elasticity-0.030*** (0.005)-0.052 (0.177 )-0.077 (0.184 )

  • Note: Dependent variable: Iog(G). Standard errors are in parentheses. The estimator proposed by Kennedy (1981) is employed to compute the estimated percent change in PCMSW due to the discrete change in PAYT from 0 to 1: Embedded Image, where Embedded Image is the estimated coefficient of PAYT and Embedded Image is the estimated variance. 2SLS, two-stage least squares; OLS, ordinary least squares; PAYT, pay as you throw.

  • ↵a Endogenous PAYT and I–R.

  • ↵* Significant at the 0.1 level;

  • ↵** significant at the 0.05 level;

  • ↵*** significant at the 0.01 level.