Table 4

Selected Coefficient Estimates

	Census Division Fixed Effects		Provincial Fixed Effects		Base
	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)
Temperature (°C)
January	25.678^***	30.160^***	47.401^***	36.551^***	30.999^***	23.449^***
(1.933)	(1.898)	(1.218)	(1.213)	(1.154)	(1.177)
January squared	1.253^***	1.466^***	1.989^***	1.571^***	1.442^***	1.151^***
January squared	(0.076)	(0.076)	(0.051)	(0.050)	(0.051)	(0.053)
April	23.415^***	24.171^***	16.225^***	11.484^***	11.099^***	7.277^***
April	(3.622)	(3.558)	(2.198)	(2.150)	(2.062)	(2.092)
April squared	0.845^*	0.458	0.685^**	1.353^***	1.837^***	2.359^***
April squared	(0.338)	(0.332)	(0.229)	(0.224)	(0.210)	(0.209)
July	−75.489^***	−74.964^***	−129.814^***	−118.521^***	−112.564^***	−117.735^***
July	(11.626)	(11.214)	(8.496)	(8.208)	(8.212)	(8.090)
July squared	1.916^***	2.083^***	3.722^***	3.364^***	2.782^***	2.854^***
July squared	(0.325)	(0.313)	(0.245)	(0.237)	(0.240)	(0.235)
October	29.544^***	16.803^***	78.684^***	45.820^***	96.737^***	75.814^***
October	(3.470)	(3.445)	(2.499)	(2.563)	(2.570)	(2.627)
October squared	−3.032^***	−2.440^***	−6.831^***	−4.826^***	−6.650^***	−5.334^***
October squared	(0.276)	(0.271)	(0.166)	(0.170)	(0.167)	(0.172)
Precipitation (mm)
January	0.655^**	0.521^**	2.522^***	2.279^***	2.257^***	2.110^***
January	(0.207)	(0.197)	(0.144)	(0.136)	(0.120)	(0.120)
January squared	−0.002	−0.001	−0.011^***	−0.010^***	−0.009^***	−0.008^***
January squared	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
April	2.307^***	2.254^***	0.937^***	0.834^***	2.755^***	2.036^***
April	(0.264)	(0.261)	(0.202)	(0.206)	(0.197)	(0.205)
April squared	−0.009^***	−0.009^***	0.000	−0.000	−0.005^**	−0.003
April squared	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.002)
July	3.231^***	1.742^***	3.978^***	2.235^***	2.672^***	1.451^***
July	(0.320)	(0.320)	(0.163)	(0.168)	(0.157)	(0.165)
July squared	−0.020^***	−0.012^***	−0.018^***	−0.013^***	−0.006^***	−0.003^**
July squared	(0.002)	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
October	−1.491^***	−0.749^**	−3.074^***	−1.985^***	−3.039^***	−1.824^***
October	(0.249)	(0.247)	(0.169)	(0.167)	(0.154)	(0.159)
October squared	0.002	-0.000	0.011^***	0.008^***	0.005^***	0.002
October squared	(0.002)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)	(0.001)
Distance (km)
Distance		−0.283^***		−0.214^***		−0.183^***
Distance		(0.011)		(0.006)		(0.006)
Census subdivision controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Soil quality controls	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Census division fixed effects	Yes	Yes
Provincial fixed effects			Yes	Yes
Year fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Observations	45,552	45,552	45,706	45,706	45,706	45,706
R-squared	0.803	0.807	0.732	0.742	0.714	0.722

Note: Coefficients and standard errors are multiplied by 100. Robust standard errors are in parentheses. Models 1 and 2 omit census divisions with less than 10 observations. The coefficient estimates (× 100) of the squared distance variables in columns (2), (4), and (6) are 0.000130, 0.000118, and 0.000107, respectively, and all are significant at the 99.99% level.
↵^* p < 0.05; ^** p < 0.01; ^*** p < 0.001.